Journal Description
Life
Life
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of scientific studies related to fundamental themes in life sciences, from basic to applied research, published monthly online by MDPI. The Astrobiology Society of Britain (ASB) and Spanish Association for Cancer Research (ASEICA) are affiliated with Life and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Biology) / CiteScore - Q2 (Paleontology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Life.
- Companion journals for Life include: Gastroenterology Insights, Physiologia, Hydrobiology, and Anatomia.
Impact Factor:
3.2 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.2 (2022)
Latest Articles
Overcoming Resistance to Temozolomide in Glioblastoma: A Scoping Review of Preclinical and Clinical Data
Life 2024, 14(6), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060673 (registering DOI) - 24 May 2024
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with an overall survival almost 14.6 months. Optimal resection followed by combined temozolomide chemotherapy and radiotherapy, also known as Stupp protocol, remains the standard of treatment; nevertheless, resistance to
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Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with an overall survival almost 14.6 months. Optimal resection followed by combined temozolomide chemotherapy and radiotherapy, also known as Stupp protocol, remains the standard of treatment; nevertheless, resistance to temozolomide, which can be obtained throughout many molecular pathways, is still an unsurpassed obstacle. Several factors influence the efficacy of temozolomide, including the involvement of other DNA repair systems, aberrant signaling pathways, autophagy, epigenetic modifications, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicle production. The blood–brain barrier, which serves as both a physical and biochemical obstacle, the tumor microenvironment’s pro-cancerogenic and immunosuppressive nature, and tumor-specific characteristics such as volume and antigen expression, are the subject of ongoing investigation. In this review, preclinical and clinical data about temozolomide resistance acquisition and possible ways to overcome chemoresistance, or to treat gliomas without restoration of chemosensitinity, are evaluated and presented. The objective is to offer a thorough examination of the clinically significant molecular mechanisms and their intricate interrelationships, with the aim of enhancing understanding to combat resistance to TMZ more effectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolving Chemotherapies in Glioblastomas(GBM)—Present and Future)
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Open AccessReview
Targeted Liposomal Drug Delivery: Overview of The Current Applications and Challenges
by
Matthew S. Gatto, McNeely P. Johnson and Wided Najahi-Missaoui
Life 2024, 14(6), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060672 (registering DOI) - 24 May 2024
Abstract
In drug development, it is not uncommon that an active substance exhibits efficacy in vitro but lacks the ability to specifically reach its target in vivo. As a result, targeted drug delivery has become a primary focus in the pharmaceutical sciences. Since the
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In drug development, it is not uncommon that an active substance exhibits efficacy in vitro but lacks the ability to specifically reach its target in vivo. As a result, targeted drug delivery has become a primary focus in the pharmaceutical sciences. Since the approval of Doxil® in 1995, liposomes have emerged as a leading nanoparticle in targeted drug delivery. Their low immunogenicity, high versatility, and well-documented efficacy have led to their clinical use against a wide variety of diseases. That being said, every disease is accompanied by a unique set of physiological conditions, and each liposomal product must be formulated with this consideration. There are a multitude of different targeting techniques for liposomes that can be employed depending on the application. Passive techniques such as PEGylation or the enhanced permeation and retention effect can improve general pharmacokinetics, while active techniques such as conjugating targeting molecules to the liposome surface may bring even further specificity. This review aims to summarize the current strategies for targeted liposomes in the treatment of diseases.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revolutionizing Drug Delivery: Innovations in Targeted Therapeutic Nanocarriers)
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Association between COVID-19 and Femoral Head Necrosis: A Comprehensive Review
by
Bogdan Hogea, Madalina-Ianca Suba, Simona-Alina Abu-Awwad, Paul Cuntan, Mihai-Valetin Popa, Ruben David Braescu and Ahmed Abu-Awwad
Life 2024, 14(6), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060671 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the correlation between COVID-19 and avascular necrosis of the femoral head, considering the potential contribution of medication-induced effects. This research spans the period from August 2022 to January 2024 and includes 32 patients diagnosed with avascular necrosis. While steroid usage,
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This study investigates the correlation between COVID-19 and avascular necrosis of the femoral head, considering the potential contribution of medication-induced effects. This research spans the period from August 2022 to January 2024 and includes 32 patients diagnosed with avascular necrosis. While steroid usage, particularly in high doses, is known to predispose individuals to this condition, this study aims to discern if COVID-19 itself plays a role beyond the influence of medication. Notably, COVID-19 is associated with disturbances in the coagulation system, potentially leading to thromboembolic complications. Of the patients, six did not have COVID-19, while seven had the virus but did not receive steroid treatment. However, 19 patients with COVID-19 exhibited severe pulmonary involvement and were administered both high-dose steroids and antiviral medication. Among the observed patients, 14 were female and 18 were male. Notably, three patients presented bilateral necrosis, all of whom had COVID-19 and significant pulmonary involvement. Diagnostic assessments included frontal and profile X-rays, as well as MRI scans for all patients.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessReview
Soft Tissue Vascular Anomalies of the Extremities: A Proposed Diagnostic Approach
by
Michele Fiore, Marta Bortoli, Andrea Sambri, Ludovica Lotrecchiano, Luigi Lovato, Michele Mirelli, Iria Neri, Massimiliano De Paolis, Bianca Maria Piraccini and Mauro Gargiulo
Life 2024, 14(6), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060670 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
This narrative review aims to summarise the classification of vascular anomalies, their clinical presentation, and their radiological features to propose a diagnostic algorithm to approach patients with suspected soft tissue vascular anomalies of the extremities. The management of vascular anomalies necessitates a multidisciplinary
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This narrative review aims to summarise the classification of vascular anomalies, their clinical presentation, and their radiological features to propose a diagnostic algorithm to approach patients with suspected soft tissue vascular anomalies of the extremities. The management of vascular anomalies necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. Clinical presentation and physical examination are sufficient in most cases to achieve a correct diagnosis. This is especially true for small congenital lesions of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Imaging is used for accurate characterization of these lesions, especially in cases of atypical or vague clinical presentation, and to assess extension in cases of lesions that are larger and localized in deeper tissues.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging of the Skeletal System)
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Open AccessEditorial
Editorial on the Special Issue “Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)”
by
Konstantinos Chaidas
Life 2024, 14(6), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060669 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common form of sleep-disordered breathing and is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in oxygen desaturation, autonomic dysfunction and sleep fragmentation [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA))
Open AccessReview
Exploring Stem-Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Regeneration
by
Madalina Radu, Daniel Constantin Brănișteanu, Ruxandra Angela Pirvulescu, Otilia Maria Dumitrescu, Mihai Alexandru Ionescu and Mihail Zemba
Life 2024, 14(6), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060668 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of retinal diseases—notably, age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal disorders—poses an intimidating challenge to ophthalmic medicine, often culminating in irreversible vision loss. Current treatments are limited and often fail to address the underlying loss of retinal cells. This paper explores
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The escalating prevalence of retinal diseases—notably, age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal disorders—poses an intimidating challenge to ophthalmic medicine, often culminating in irreversible vision loss. Current treatments are limited and often fail to address the underlying loss of retinal cells. This paper explores the potential of stem-cell-based therapies as a promising avenue for retinal regeneration. We review the latest advancements in stem cell technology, focusing on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their ability to differentiate into retinal cell types. We discuss the challenges in stem cell transplantation, such as immune rejection, integration into the host retina, and functional recovery. Previous and ongoing clinical trials are examined to highlight the therapeutic efficacy and safety of these novel treatments. Additionally, we address the ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks governing stem cell research. Our analysis suggests that while stem-cell-based therapies offer a groundbreaking approach to treating retinal diseases, further research is needed to ensure long-term safety and to optimize therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the clinical evidence of stem cell therapy and current limitations in utilizing stem cells for retinal degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt’s disease.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics)
Open AccessReview
Abdominal Parietal Metastasis from Cervical Cancer: A Review of One of the Most Uncommon Sites of Recurrence Including a Report of a New Case
by
Irinel-Gabriel Dicu-Andreescu, Marian-Augustin Marincaș, Anca-Angela Simionescu, Ioana Dicu-Andreescu, Virgiliu-Mihail Prunoiu, Sânziana-Octavia Ionescu, Ștefania-Ariana Neicu, Gabriela-Mădălina Radu, Eugen Brătucu and Laurențiu Simion
Life 2024, 14(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060667 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, the highest mortality being found in low- and middle-income countries. Abdominal parietal metastases in cervical cancer are a very rare entity, with an incidence of 0.1–1.3%, and represent an unfavorable prognostic factor
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Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, the highest mortality being found in low- and middle-income countries. Abdominal parietal metastases in cervical cancer are a very rare entity, with an incidence of 0.1–1.3%, and represent an unfavorable prognostic factor with the survival rate falling to 17%. Here, we present a review of cases of abdominal parietal metastasis in recent decades, including a new case of a 4.5 cm abdominal parietal metastasis at the site of the scar of the former drain tube 28 months after diagnosis of stage IIB cervical cancer (adenosquamous carcinoma), treated by external radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy and intracavitary brachytherapy and subsequent surgery (type B radical hysterectomy). The tumor was resected within oncological limits with the histopathological result of adenosquamous carcinoma. The case study highlights the importance of early detection and appropriate treatment of metastases in patients with cervical cancer. The discussion explores the potential pathways for parietal metastasis and the impact of incomplete surgical procedures on the development of metastases. The conclusion emphasizes the poor prognosis associated with this type of metastasis in cervical cancer patients and the potential benefits of surgical resection associated with systemic therapy in improving survival rates.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine: Go From Bench to Bedside)
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Open AccessArticle
The Clinical Impact of Access Site Selection for Successful Thrombolysis and Intervention in Acute Critical Lower Limb Ischaemia (RAD-ALI Registry)
by
Adam Csavajda, Karoly Toth, Nandor Kovacs, Szilard Rona, Zoltan Vamosi, Balazs Berta, Flora Zsofia Kulcsar, Olivier F. Bertrand, Istvan Hizoh and Zoltan Ruzsa
Life 2024, 14(6), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060666 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Background: Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is of great clinical importance due to its consequent serious complications and high comorbidity and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute success and complication rates of CDT performed via transradial, transbrachial, and
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Background: Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is of great clinical importance due to its consequent serious complications and high comorbidity and mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute success and complication rates of CDT performed via transradial, transbrachial, and transfemoral access sites in patients with acute lower limb vascular occlusion and to investigate the 1-year outcomes of CDT and MT for ALI. Methods: Between 2008 and 2019, 84 consecutive patients with ALI were treated with CDT in a large community hospital. Data were collected and retrospectively analysed. The primary (“safety”) endpoints encompassed major adverse events (MAEs), major adverse limb events (MALEs), and the occurrence of complications related to the access site. Secondary (“efficacy”) endpoints included both technical and clinical achievements, treatment success, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, procedure time, and the crossover rate to an alternative puncture site. Results: CDT was started with radial (n = 17), brachial (n = 9), or femoral (n = 58) access. CDT was technically successful in 74/84 patients (88%), but additional MT and angioplasty and/or stent implantation was necessary in 17 (20.2%) and 45 cases (53.6%), respectively. Clinical success was achieved in 74/84 cases (88%). The mortality rate at 1 year was 14.3%. The cumulative incidence of MAEs and MALEs at 12 months was 50% and 40.5%, respectively. After conducting multivariate analysis, history of Rutherford stage IIB (hazard ratio [HR], 3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–8.41; p = 0.0025), occlusion of the external iliac artery (HR, 27.52; 95% CI, 2.83–267.33; p = 0.0043), being a case of clinically unsuccessful thrombolysis (HR, 7.72; 95% CI, 2.48–23.10; p = 0.0004), and the presence of diabetes mellitus (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.01–4.71; p = 0.047) were independent predictors of a high MAE mortality rate at 12 months. For MALEs, statistically significant differences were detected with the variables history of Rutherford stage IIB (HR, 4.30; 95% CI, 1.99–9.31; p = 0.0002) and external iliac artery occlusion (HR, 31.27; 95% CI, 3.47–282.23; p = 0.0022). Conclusions: Based on the short-term results of CDT, acute limb ischaemia can be successfully, safely, and effectively treated with catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy with radial, brachial, or femoral access. However, radial access is associated with fewer access site complications. A history of Rutherford stage IIB, occlusion of external iliac artery, unsuccessful thrombolysis, and the presence of diabetes mellitus were independently associated with an increased risk of MAEs. A history of Rutherford stage IIB and external iliac artery occlusion are independent predictors of MALEs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vascular Disease: Etiologic, Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Research—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessReview
The Impact of Peri-Implant Diseases on the General Status of Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Literature Review
by
Ana Maria Hofer, Alexandra Dadarlat-Pop, Alexandru Mester, Bogdana Adriana Nasui, Monica Popa and Andrei Picos
Life 2024, 14(6), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060665 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to connect peri-implantitis to cardiovascular diseases, following the association found between periodontitis and cardiovascular conditions in recent years. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science online databases were searched up to June 2023,
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Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to connect peri-implantitis to cardiovascular diseases, following the association found between periodontitis and cardiovascular conditions in recent years. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science online databases were searched up to June 2023, with the exclusion criteria being research written in a language other than English. The MeSH search items were as follows: [“peri-implant health OR peri-implantitis OR peri-implant mucositis OR peri-implant disease”] AND [“cardiovascular diseases”]. Patient/population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), outcome (O) framework questions were followed to identify the clinical evidence for the systematic review. Only clinical studies that used a control group to compare the relationship between cardiovascular diseases and peri-implantitis were selected. Results: A total of 118 studies were identified through electronic search of the keywords. After removing duplicates, there were 76 records to be screened. Upon exclusion of ineligible titles and abstracts, 27 studies remained for evaluation. Finally, 23 studies were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria, leaving 4 studies to be included in the qualitative analyses. Conclusions: This study found there is a linear association between mucosal/gingival inflammation and carotid intima–media thickness test (c-IMT) values. Peri-implant mucosal inflammation could be a contributor to the vascular disease burden of an individual; further specific clinical studies should be performed in order to demonstrate this connection.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application–2nd Edition)
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The Efficacy and Tolerability of Radiosurgery in Treating Benign Meningiomas: A Dose Comparison Study from a Single-Center Analysis
by
Hyun-Jeong Cho, Jong-Min Lee, Sung-Ho Park, Jun-Bum Park and Na-Young Jung
Life 2024, 14(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060664 - 23 May 2024
Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of radiation dose on the outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for benign meningiomas and determine an optimal dosing strategy for balancing tumor control and treatment-related toxicity. Clinical data of 147 patients with 164 lesions treated
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This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the impact of radiation dose on the outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for benign meningiomas and determine an optimal dosing strategy for balancing tumor control and treatment-related toxicity. Clinical data of 147 patients with 164 lesions treated between 2014 and 2022 were reviewed. Primary outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), local control rate (LCR), and radiation-induced toxicity, with secondary outcomes focusing on LCR and radiation-induced peritumoral edema (PTE) in two dose groups (≥14 Gy and <14 Gy). The results revealed a median follow-up duration of 47 months, with 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year PFS rates of 99.3%, 96.7%, and 93.8%, respectively, and an overall LCR of 95.1%. Radiation-induced toxicity was observed in 24.5% of patients, primarily presenting mild symptoms. Notably, no significant difference in LCR was found between the two dose groups (p = 0.628), while Group 2 (<14 Gy) exhibited significantly lower PTE (p = 0.039). This study concludes that SRS with a radiation dose < 14 Gy demonstrates comparable tumor control with reduced toxicity, advocating consideration of such dosing to achieve a balance between therapeutic efficacy and safety.
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(This article belongs to the Section Radiobiology and Nuclear Medicine)
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SARS-CoV-2 Positivity in Foreign-Born Adults: A Retrospective Study in Verona, Northeast Italy
by
Virginia Lotti, Gianluca Spiteri, Gulser Caliskan, Maria Grazia Lourdes Monaco, Davide Gibellini, Giuseppe Verlato and Stefano Porru
Life 2024, 14(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060663 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
We compared SARS-CoV-2 positivity between the foreign-born adult working population and Italians living in the Verona area to investigate whether being a foreign-born adult could confer an increased risk of infection or lead to a diagnostic delay. The present study included 105,774 subjects,
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We compared SARS-CoV-2 positivity between the foreign-born adult working population and Italians living in the Verona area to investigate whether being a foreign-born adult could confer an increased risk of infection or lead to a diagnostic delay. The present study included 105,774 subjects, aged 18–65 years, tested for SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swabs and analyzed at the University Hospital of Verona between January 2020 and September 2022. A logistic regression model was used, controlling for gender, age, time of sampling, and source of referral. A higher proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in Italian (30.09%) than in foreign-born (25.61%) adults was reported, with a higher proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in men than women in both cohorts analyzed. The difference in swab positivity among Italian and foreign-born adults was the highest in people aged 18–29 years (31.5% vs. 23.3%) and tended to disappear thereafter. Swab positivity became comparable between Italian and foreign-born adults during the vaccination campaign. Multivariable analysis confirmed the lower risk of swab positivity among foreign-born adults (OR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.82–0.89). In the Verona area, foreign-born adults showed a lower rate of SARS-CoV-2 positivity than the native population, likely because of underdiagnosis. Hence, public health should increase attention toward these particularly vulnerable populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health before, during, and after COVID-19)
Open AccessReview
The Impact of Lifestyle on the Secondary Sex Ratio: A Review
by
Iasonas Dermitzakis, Paschalis Theotokis, Evangelos Axarloglou, Efthymia Delilampou, Dimosthenis Miliaras, Soultana Meditskou and Maria Eleni Manthou
Life 2024, 14(6), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060662 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
The secondary sex ratio (SSR), indicating the ratio of male to female live births, has garnered considerable attention within the realms of reproductive biology and public health. Numerous factors have been posited as potential trendsetters of the SSR. Given the extensive research on
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The secondary sex ratio (SSR), indicating the ratio of male to female live births, has garnered considerable attention within the realms of reproductive biology and public health. Numerous factors have been posited as potential trendsetters of the SSR. Given the extensive research on the impact of daily behaviors and habits on individuals’ reproductive health, there is a plausible suggestion that lifestyle choices may also influence the SSR. By synthesizing the existing literature on the current research field, this comprehensive review indicates that an elevated SSR has been associated with an increased intake of fatty acids and monosaccharides, proper nutrition, higher educational levels, financial prosperity, and favorable housing conditions. On the other hand, a decreased SSR may be linked to undernutrition, socioeconomic disparities, and psychological distress, aligning with the Trivers–Willard hypothesis. Occupational factors, smoking habits, and cultural beliefs could also contribute to trends in the SSR. Our review underscores the significance of considering the aforementioned factors in studies examining the SSR and emphasizes the necessity for further research to unravel the mechanisms underpinning these connections. A more profound comprehension of SSR alterations due to lifestyle holds the potential to adequately develop public health interventions and healthcare strategies to enhance reproductive health and overall well-being.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)
Open AccessArticle
Partial Hepatectomy and Ablation for Survival of Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A Bayesian Emulation Analysis
by
Jiping Wang, Yunju Im, Rong Wang and Shuangge Ma
Life 2024, 14(6), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060661 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Partial hepatectomy and ablation therapy are two widely used surgical procedures for localized early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. This article aimed to evaluate their relative effectiveness in terms of overall survival. An emulation analysis approach was first developed based on the Bayesian technique.
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Partial hepatectomy and ablation therapy are two widely used surgical procedures for localized early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. This article aimed to evaluate their relative effectiveness in terms of overall survival. An emulation analysis approach was first developed based on the Bayesian technique. We estimated propensity scores via Bayesian logistic regression and adopted a weighted Bayesian Weibull accelerated failure time (AFT) model incorporating prior information contained in the published literature. With the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data, an emulated target trial with rigorously defined inclusion/exclusion criteria and treatment regimens for early-stage HCC patients over 66 years old was developed. For the main cohort with tumor size less than or equal to 5 cm, a total of 1146 patients were enrolled in the emulated trial, with 301 and 845 in the partial hepatectomy and ablation arms, respectively. The analysis suggested ablation to be significantly associated with inferior overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.35; 95% credible interval [CrI]: 1.14, 1.60). For the subgroup with tumor size less than or equal to 3 cm, there was no significant difference in overall survival between the two arms (HR = 1.15; 95% CrI: 0.88, 1.52). Overall, the comparative treatment effect of ablation and partial hepatectomy on survival remains inconclusive. This finding may provide further insight into HCC clinical treatment.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Methods and Data Analysis in Health and Biomedical Sciences: 2nd Edition)
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Compaction and Segregation of DNA in Escherichia coli
by
Conrad L. Woldringh
Life 2024, 14(6), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060660 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Theoretical and experimental approaches have been applied to study the polymer physics underlying the compaction of DNA in the bacterial nucleoid. Knowledge of the compaction mechanism is necessary to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the segregation process of replicating chromosome arms (replichores) during
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Theoretical and experimental approaches have been applied to study the polymer physics underlying the compaction of DNA in the bacterial nucleoid. Knowledge of the compaction mechanism is necessary to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the segregation process of replicating chromosome arms (replichores) during the cell cycle. The first part of this review discusses light microscope observations demonstrating that the nucleoid has a lower refractive index and thus, a lower density than the cytoplasm. A polymer physics explanation for this phenomenon was given by a theory discussed at length in this review. By assuming a phase separation between the nucleoid and the cytoplasm and by imposing equal osmotic pressure and chemical potential between the two phases, a minimal energy situation is obtained, in which soluble proteins are depleted from the nucleoid, thus explaining its lower density. This theory is compared to recent views on DNA compaction that are based on the exclusion of polyribosomes from the nucleoid or on the transcriptional activity of the cell. These new views prompt the question of whether they can still explain the lower refractive index or density of the nucleoid. In the second part of this review, we discuss the question of how DNA segregation occurs in Escherichia coli in the absence of the so-called active ParABS system, which is present in the majority of bacteria. How is the entanglement of nascent chromosome arms generated at the origin in the parental DNA network of the E. coli nucleoid prevented? Microscopic observations of the position of fluorescently-labeled genetic loci have indicated that the four nascent chromosome arms synthesized in the initial replication bubble segregate to opposite halves of the sister nucleoids. This implies that extensive intermingling of daughter strands does not occur. Based on the hypothesis that leading and lagging replichores synthesized in the replication bubble fold into microdomains that do not intermingle, a passive four-excluding-arms model for segregation is proposed. This model suggests that the key for segregation already exists in the structure of the replication bubble at the very start of DNA replication; it explains the different patterns of chromosome arms as well as the segregation distances between replicated loci, as experimentally observed.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Microbiology)
Open AccessArticle
Pattern Analysis of Benign and Malignant Atypical Melanocytic Skin Lesions of Palms and Soles: Variations of Dermoscopic Features According to Anatomic Site and Personal Experience
by
Linda Tognetti, Alessandra Cartocci, Elvira Moscarella, Aimilios Lallas, Emi Dika, Maria Concetta Fargnoli, Caterina Longo, Gianluca Nazzaro, John Paoli, Ignazio Stanganelli, Serena Magi, Francesco Lacarrubba, Paolo Broganelli, Jean-Luc Perrot, Mariano Suppa, Roberta Giuffrida, Elisa Cinotti, Lo Conte Sofia, Gennaro Cataldo, Gabriele Cevenini and Pietro Rubegniadd
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Life 2024, 14(6), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060659 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Background: The differential diagnosis of atypical melanocytic skin lesions localized on palms and soles represents a diagnostic challenge: indeed, this spectrum encompasses atypical nevi (AN) and early-stage melanomas (EN) displaying overlapping clinical and dermoscopic features. This often generates unnecessary excisions or delayed diagnosis.
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Background: The differential diagnosis of atypical melanocytic skin lesions localized on palms and soles represents a diagnostic challenge: indeed, this spectrum encompasses atypical nevi (AN) and early-stage melanomas (EN) displaying overlapping clinical and dermoscopic features. This often generates unnecessary excisions or delayed diagnosis. Investigations to date were mostly carried out in specific populations, focusing either on acrolentiginous melanomas or morphologically typical acquired nevi. Aims: To investigate the dermoscopic features of atypical melanocytic palmoplantar skin lesions (aMPPLs) as evaluated by variously skilled dermatologists and assess their concordance; to investigate the variations in dermoscopic appearance according to precise location on palms and soles; to detect the features with the strongest association with malignancy/benignity in each specific site. Methods: A dataset of 471 aMPPLs—excised in the suspect of malignancy—was collected from 10 European Centers, including a standardized dermoscopic picture (17×) and lesion/patient metadata. An anatomical classification into 17 subareas was considered, along with an anatomo-functional classification considering pressure/friction, (4 macroareas). A total of 156 participants (95 with less than 5 years of experience in dermoscopy and 61 with ≥than 5 years) from 17 countries performed a blinded tele-dermoscopic pattern analysis over 20 cases through a specifically realized web platform. Results: A total of 37,440 dermoscopic evaluations were obtained over 94 (20%) EM and 377 (80%) AN. The areas with the highest density of EM compared to AN were the heel (40.3% EM/aMPPLs) of the sole and the “fingers area” (33%EM/aMPPLs) of the palm, both characterized by intense/chronic traumatism/friction. Globally, the recognition rates of 12 dermoscopic patterns were non statistically different between 95 dermatology residents and 61 specialists: aMPPLs in the plantar arch appeared to be the most “difficult” to diagnose, the parallel ridge pattern was poorly recognized and irregular/regular fibrillar patterns often misinterpreted. Regarding the aMPPL of the “heel area”, the parallel furrow pattern (p = 0.014) and lattice-like pattern (p = 0.001) significantly discriminated benign cases, while asymmetry of colors (p = 0.002) and regression structures (p = 0.025) malignant ones. In aMPPLs of the “plantar arch”, the lattice-like pattern (p = 0.012) was significant for benignity and asymmetry of structures, asymmetry of colors, regression structures, or blue-white veil for malignancy. In palmar lesions, no data were significant in the discrimination between malignant and benign aMPPLs. Conclusions: This study highlights that (i) the pattern analysis of aMPPLs is challenging for both experienced and novice dermoscopists; (ii) the histological distribution varies according to the anatomo-functional classification; and (iii) different dermoscopic patterns are able to discriminate malignant from benign aMPPLs within specific plantar and palmar areas.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Cancer: From Molecular Basis to Therapy)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Applications of Point-of-Care-Ultrasound in Neonatology: A Systematic Review of the Literature
by
Florian Recker, Florian Kipfmueller, Agnes Wittek, Brigitte Strizek and Lone Winter
Life 2024, 14(6), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060658 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) integration into neonatology offers transformative potential for diagnostics and treatment, enhancing immediacy and precision of clinical decision-making in this vulnerable patient population. This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on POCUS applications, benefits, challenges, and educational strategies in neonatology. Literature
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Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) integration into neonatology offers transformative potential for diagnostics and treatment, enhancing immediacy and precision of clinical decision-making in this vulnerable patient population. This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on POCUS applications, benefits, challenges, and educational strategies in neonatology. Literature search was conducted using SPIDER scheme keywords and MeSH terms related to POCUS and neonatology. Studies focusing on POCUS applications, its impact on clinical outcomes, and educational interventions for skill acquisition were included and analyzed using standardized tools, followed by a narrative synthesis of the findings. The search yielded 68 relevant publications, encompassing original research, reviews, and guidelines. POCUS applications varied across cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, and abdominal assessments. Key benefits included a reduced need for invasive procedures and rapid bedside diagnosis. Challenges included steep learning curves for clinicians and the need for standardized training and guidelines. Educational strategies highlighted the effectiveness of simulation-based training in enhancing ultrasound proficiency among neonatal care providers. POCUS represents a significant advancement in neonatal medicine, offering benefits for patient care. Addressing identified challenges through comprehensive training programs and developing standardized guidelines is crucial for optimized use. Future research should focus on evaluating educational outcomes and long-term impacts of POCUS integration into neonatal care.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ultrasound in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit)
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Open AccessArticle
Structure-Based Virtual Screening, ADMET Properties Prediction and Molecular Dynamics Studies Reveal Potential Inhibitors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae HPrK/P
by
Shen Li, Ying Zhou, Yujuan Yan, Yinying Qin, Qilu Weng and Litao Sun
Life 2024, 14(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060657 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The incidence of childhood pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae infection has been rapidly increasing worldwide. M. pneumoniae is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to its lack of a
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The incidence of childhood pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae infection has been rapidly increasing worldwide. M. pneumoniae is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to its lack of a cell wall. Macrolides and related antibiotics are considered the optimal drugs for treating M. pneumoniae infection. However, clinical resistance to macrolides has become a global concern in recent years. Therefore, it is imperative to urgently identify new targets and develop new anti-M. pneumoniae drugs to treat MMP. Previous studies have shown that deficiencies in HPrK/P kinase or phosphorylase activity can seriously affect carbon metabolism, growth, morphology, and other cellular functions of M. pneumoniae. To identify potential drug development targets against M. pneumoniae, this study analyzed the sequence homology and 3D structure alignment of M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Through sequence and structure analysis, we found that HPrK/P lacks homologous proteins in the human, while its functional motifs are highly conserved in bacteria. This renders it a promising candidate for drug development. Structure-based virtual screening was then used to discover potential inhibitors among 2614 FDA-approved drugs and 948 bioactive small molecules for M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Finally, we identified three candidate drugs (Folic acid, Protokylol and Gluconolactone) as potential HPrK/P inhibitors through molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations, and ADMET predictions. These drugs offer new strategies for the treatment of MPP.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)
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Open AccessArticle
Elucidation of Anti-Obesity Mechanisms of Phenolics in Artemisiae argyi Folium (Aiye) by Integrating LC-MS, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking
by
Yongxiang Liu, Jinhai Luo and Baojun Xu
Life 2024, 14(6), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060656 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity is a pressing health issue, increasing the medical burden and posing significant health risks to humans. The side effects and complications associated with conventional medication and surgery have spurred the search for anti-obesity drugs from plant resources. Previous
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The global prevalence of obesity is a pressing health issue, increasing the medical burden and posing significant health risks to humans. The side effects and complications associated with conventional medication and surgery have spurred the search for anti-obesity drugs from plant resources. Previous studies have suggested that Artemisiae argyi Folium (Aiye) water extracts could inhibit pancreatic lipase activities, control body weight increase, and improve the plasma lipids profile. However, the exact components and mechanisms were not precisely understood. Therefore, this research aims to identify the chemical profile of Aiye and provide a comprehensive prediction of its anti-obesity mechanisms. The water extract of Aiye was subjected to LC-MS analysis, which identified 30 phenolics. The anti-obesity mechanisms of these phenolics were then predicted, employing network pharmacology and molecular docking. Among the 30 phenolics, 21 passed the drug-likeness screening and exhibited 486 anti-obesity targets. The enrichment analysis revealed that these phenolics may combat obesity through PI3K-Akt signaling and MAPK, prolactin, and cAMP signaling pathways. Eight phenolics and seven central targets were selected for molecular docking, and 45 out of 56 docking had a binding affinity of less than −5 kcal/mol. This research has indicated the potential therapy targets and signaling pathways of Aiye in combating obesity.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Bioactives: Exploring Their Therapeutic Potential)
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Corneal Biomechanics and Other Factors Associated with Postoperative Astigmatism after Cataract Surgery
by
Kata Čulina, Martina Tomić, Tomislav Bulum, Aleksej Medić, Ivan Šoša, Kristina Ivanišević and Tomislav Jukić
Life 2024, 14(6), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060655 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of the cornea’s biomechanical properties, corneal hysteresis (CH), and corneal resistance factor (CRF) on postoperative astigmatism after cataract surgery and determine the other factors that influence it. Forty eyes of 40 patients (13M/27F; the median age
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This study aimed to investigate the impact of the cornea’s biomechanical properties, corneal hysteresis (CH), and corneal resistance factor (CRF) on postoperative astigmatism after cataract surgery and determine the other factors that influence it. Forty eyes of 40 patients (13M/27F; the median age of 74) were included in this prospective study, underwent 2.75 mm incision cataract surgery, and were followed for 30 days. Visits were scheduled at baseline before surgery (V0), the 1st (V1), the 7th (V2), and the 30th (V3) postoperative days. The main parameters estimated and analyzed with Statistica® 14.0.1 were CH, CRF, astigmatism diopter, and axis. Following the cataract surgery, the CH did not significantly change during the study visits (p = 0.109). However, there was a significant change in the CRF from baseline during the study visits (per protocol set) (p = 0.002). After a slight but insignificant increase from V0 to V1, post hoc analysis found a significant decrease in the mean CRF from V1 to V2 (p = 0.049) with no substantial change from V2 to V3. According to the post hoc analysis, the median astigmatism diopter increased significantly only from V0 to V1 (p = 0.001) and slightly but not significantly decreased to the end of the study with the achievement of a near-baseline value. The main predictors for the final astigmatism diopter (R2 = 0.898) obtained by stepwise regression analysis were its values at V0, V1, and V2 (p < 0.001). The CRF at V1 was marginally significant, with a negative parameter estimate of −0.098303 (p = 0.0623). In conclusion, there was no correlation between preoperative CH and CRF and postoperative astigmatism using 2.75 mm incision cataract surgery. However, the final astigmatism diopter’s main predictors were its baseline values before cataract surgery, the first, and the seventh postoperative days.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Overall Polyp Detection Rate as a Surrogate Measure for Screening Efficacy Independent of Histopathology: Evidence from National Endoscopy Database
by
Mark Aloysius, Hemant Goyal, Tejas Nikumbh, Niraj Shah, Ganesh Aswath, Savio John, Amol Bapaye, Sushovan Guha and Nirav Thosani
Life 2024, 14(6), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060654 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is challenging to measure, given its dependency on pathology reporting. Polyp detection rate (PDR) (percentage of screening colonoscopies detecting a polyp) is a proposed alternative to overcome this issue. Overall PDR from all colonoscopies is a relatively novel concept,
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Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is challenging to measure, given its dependency on pathology reporting. Polyp detection rate (PDR) (percentage of screening colonoscopies detecting a polyp) is a proposed alternative to overcome this issue. Overall PDR from all colonoscopies is a relatively novel concept, with no large-scale studies comparing overall PDR with screening-only PDR. The aim of the study was to compare PDR from screening, surveillance, and diagnostic indications with overall PDR and evaluate any correlation between individual endoscopist PDR by indication to determine if overall PDR can be a valuable surrogate for screening PDR. Our study analyzed a prospectively collected national endoscopy database maintained by the National Institute of Health from 2009 to 2014. Out of 354,505 colonoscopies performed between 2009–2014, 298,920 (n = 110,794 average-risk screening, n = 83,556 average-risk surveillance, n = 104,770 diagnostic) met inclusion criteria. The median screening PDR was 25.45 (IQR 13.15–39.60), comparable with the median overall PDR of 24.01 (IQR 11.46–35.86, p = 0.21). Median surveillance PDR was higher at 33.73 (IQR 16.92–47.01), and median diagnostic PDR was lower at 19.35 (IQR 9.66–29.17), compared with median overall PDR 24.01 (IQR 11.46–35.86; p < 0.01). The overall PDR showed excellent concordance with screening, surveillance, and diagnostic PDR (r > 0.85, p < 0.01, 2-tailed). The overall PDR is a reliable and pragmatic surrogate for screening PDR and can be measured in real time, irrespective of colonoscopy indication.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disease)
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