Journal Description
Fibers
Fibers
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on fiber science, published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), PubAg, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Civil and Structural Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 24.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Analysis and Modeling of the System Boundaries of a High-Speed Direct-Yarn-Placement System for In Situ Impregnation of Carbon Fibre Heavy Tows as Textile Reinforcements for Concrete Parts
Fibers 2024, 12(6), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12060047 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
This study investigates a novel approach in modeling the system limits of a braked, high-speed yarn-laying process with in situ impregnation. Special attention is paid to the investigation of the yarn spool overrun after the robot has come to a standstill. This phenomenon
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This study investigates a novel approach in modeling the system limits of a braked, high-speed yarn-laying process with in situ impregnation. Special attention is paid to the investigation of the yarn spool overrun after the robot has come to a standstill. This phenomenon occurs at low yarn tensions in combination with high traversing speed and/or acceleration. The modeling of the yarn spool overrun is carried out using physical equations, taking into account the travel speed, acceleration of the robot, and braking force of the spool brake. Previous research has confirmed various operating points of the yarn-laying process, but a comprehensive and complete analysis of the system limits at different operating points and speeds up to 2 m/s is missing. The result of the study is a novel model that describes the system boundaries of the direct-yarn-placement. Furthermore, models for robot braking time, carbon spool diameter, and spool mass are developed. The proposed models have an > 0.9674. Regarding the system stability boundaries, the calculations reveal that, as acceleration rises, the minimum tension requirement also increases. The same trend is found for system velocity. At %, a minimum tension of 16 N suffices, compared to 23 N and 32 N at % and 50%, respectively. The impact on tension of quadrupling the speed outweighs that of acceleration, with tension increasing by factors of up to 22.5 and 2, respectively.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composites Manufacturing and Plastics Processing)
Open AccessArticle
Variation in Activation Parameters for the Preparation of Cellulose-Based Porous Carbon Fibers Used for Electrochemical Applications
by
Christoph Unterweger, Nemanja Gavrilov, Stefan Breitenbach, Christian Fürst and Igor A. Pašti
Fibers 2024, 12(6), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12060046 - 27 May 2024
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Porous carbon fibers play a pivotal role in electrochemistry due to their unique structural and textural properties, offering a promising avenue for diverse applications ranging from energy storage to electrocatalysis. In this study, we investigate the intricate relationship between the electrochemical responses of
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Porous carbon fibers play a pivotal role in electrochemistry due to their unique structural and textural properties, offering a promising avenue for diverse applications ranging from energy storage to electrocatalysis. In this study, we investigate the intricate relationship between the electrochemical responses of porous carbon fibers synthesized using the Design of Experiments protocol and their textural properties, aiming to elucidate key insights for material design and optimization. Through comprehensive correlation analyses, we uncover notable associations between oxygen reduction reaction mass activities and capacitances measured at different polarization rates, highlighting the significance of pore accessibility in dictating electrochemical performance. While direct correlations with specific surface area and total pore volume for mass activities were not observed, our findings reveal significant trends regarding capacitance retention. Specifically, materials with an elevated specific surface area and total pore volume demonstrate enhanced capacitance retention, particularly under varying charging and discharging rates. These results underscore the importance of optimizing specific surface area and pore volume to maximize capacitive performance across diverse operating conditions. Our study provides valuable guidance for developing porous carbon fibers tailored for superior electrochemical performance in various applications.
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Advanced Image Analysis and Machine Learning Models for Accurate Cover Factor and Porosity Prediction in Knitted Fabrics: Tailored Applications in Sportswear, Swimwear, and Casual Wear
by
Tomislav Rolich, Daniel Domović, Goran Čubrić and Ivana Salopek Čubrić
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050045 - 20 May 2024
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This paper presents a study focused on developing robust algorithms for cover factor and porosity calculation through digital image analysis. Computational models based on machine learning for efficient cover factor prediction based on fabric parameters have also been developed. Five algorithms were devised
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This paper presents a study focused on developing robust algorithms for cover factor and porosity calculation through digital image analysis. Computational models based on machine learning for efficient cover factor prediction based on fabric parameters have also been developed. Five algorithms were devised and implemented in MATLAB: the single threshold algorithm (ST); multiple linear threshold algorithms, ML-1 and ML-2; and algorithms with multiple thresholds obtained by the Otzu method, MT-1 and MT-2. These algorithms were applied to knitted fabrics used for football, swimming, and leisure. Algorithms ML-1 and MT-1, employing multiple thresholds, outperformed the single threshold algorithm. The ML-1 variant yielded the highest average porosity value at 95.24%, indicating the importance of adaptable thresholding in image analysis. Comparative analysis revealed that algorithm variants ML-2 and MT-2 obtain lower cover factors compared to ML-1 and MT-1 but can detect potential void areas in fabrics with higher reliability. Algorithm MT-1 proved to be the most sensitive when it came to distinguishing between different fabric samples. Computational models that were developed based on random tree, random forest, and SMOreg machine learning algorithms predicted cover factor based on fabric parameters with up to 95% accuracy.
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing Synergistic Silica–Zinc Oxide Coating for Enhanced Flammability Resistance in Cotton Protective Clothing
by
Sidra Saleemi, Hafiz Abdul Mannan, Tabinda Riaz, Abdul Moqeet Hai, Hassan Zeb and Amber Khalil Khan
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050044 - 17 May 2024
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This study reports process optimization studies of silica and zinc oxide-based flame-retardant (FR) coatings on cotton fabric for protective clothing and enhanced flammability properties. The experiments were designed by central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) to assess the synergistic protective
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This study reports process optimization studies of silica and zinc oxide-based flame-retardant (FR) coatings on cotton fabric for protective clothing and enhanced flammability properties. The experiments were designed by central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) to assess the synergistic protective effects of silica and zinc oxide FR coating. These prepared sols were coated on cotton fabrics by a simple dip dry cure process. The resulting FR-finished fabrics were characterized by SEM, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and air permeability. SEM results confirmed the homogenous spreading of particles on cotton fabrics. From TGA results, it was noticed that the incorporation of silica and ZnO in the prepared nano-sols results in improved thermal stability of the FR-finished fabrics. These sol–gel-treated FR cotton fabrics showed excellent comfort properties, which shows their suitability for fire-retardant protective clothing. RSM analysis proved that the predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values since R2 values for time to ignite, flame spread time, and air permeability were greater than 0.90. The optimized concentration of silica and ZnO in FR-finished fabrics was found to be 0.302% and 0.353%, respectively, which was further confirmed by confirmatory experiments. The optimization analysis successfully optimized the process for synergistic coating of silica and zinc oxide nanoparticles for enhanced flammability properties of FR cotton fabric for protective clothing.
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Influence of Precursor Mixtures on the Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition of TiC Fibers
by
Kendall J. Mitchell and Gregory B. Thompson
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050043 - 13 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, the hyperbaric (2 bar) laser chemical vapor deposition of TiC fibers grown under various percent pressures of hydrogen and ratios of ethylene and titanium tetrachloride (2:1 or 1:1) are reported. In the hydrogen-rich (85%) condition, sequential fiber depositions became stunted
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In this study, the hyperbaric (2 bar) laser chemical vapor deposition of TiC fibers grown under various percent pressures of hydrogen and ratios of ethylene and titanium tetrachloride (2:1 or 1:1) are reported. In the hydrogen-rich (85%) condition, sequential fiber depositions became stunted as a result of a loss of hydrogen, which served as a reducing agent for the metal halide as hydrogen evolved with the hydrocarbon gas in the reaction zone because of the Le Chatelier principle. For the hydrogen-lean (25%) condition, the intrinsic fiber growth rate was invariant, but gas phase nucleation resulted in the hydrocarbon forming carbon soot in the chamber which subsequently deposited and coated on the fibers. In the hydrogen-balanced composition (50%), the 2:1 precursor ratio resulted in inconsistent intrinsic growth rates which ranged from approximately 30 μm/s to 44 μm/s. However, for the hydrogen-balanced (50%) 1:1 condition, the intrinsic growth rate variation was reduced to approximately 12 μm/s. The differences in fiber uniformity, composition, and structure under these process conditions are discussed in terms of hydrogen’s ability to serve as a reducing agent, a fluid to transport heat from the deposition zone, and alter the structure of the fiber through thermophoresis.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
The Use of Nanofibers in Regenerative Endodontic Therapy—A Systematic Review
by
Sebastian Candrea, Alexandrina Muntean, Anida-Maria Băbțan, Antonia Boca, Claudia Nicoleta Feurdean, Ioana Roxana Bordea, Adina Bianca Boșca and Aranka Ilea
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050042 - 13 May 2024
Abstract
Pulpal pathology in young permanent teeth, caused by dental caries or trauma, can lead to disruption of root formation, leaving the tooth with an uncertain prognosis. Current therapies for such cases present a number of limitations; thus, the aim of this article is
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Pulpal pathology in young permanent teeth, caused by dental caries or trauma, can lead to disruption of root formation, leaving the tooth with an uncertain prognosis. Current therapies for such cases present a number of limitations; thus, the aim of this article is to provide an overview on the use of nanofibers in endodontics. The search was conducted on two databases and eight articles met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Data on nanofiber production and fiber characteristics were extracted and systematized in tables. Moreover, the ability of novel scaffolds to deliver either drugs or different therapeutic agents without interfering with the products’ characteristics is analyzed from the in vitro and in vivo data. The potential for nanofiber-based scaffolds to induce cellular differentiation and overcome the limitations of classic regenerative endodontic treatment is also discussed.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibers: Biomedical Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Contacting of Bicomponent TPU-Fibers with a Conductive Core: A Method for Data Acquisition and Analysis of the Electrical Properties
by
Jeanette Ortega, Felix Krooß, Yuwei Stefan Li and Thomas Gries
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050041 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
With the megatrend of digitalization, the demand for sensors in previously difficult-to-access scenarios is increasing. Filament-shaped sensors (FSS) are ideal for this demand, especially in applications in which the monitoring of textile structures is the focus. Electrically conductive bicomponent filaments based on thermoplastic
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With the megatrend of digitalization, the demand for sensors in previously difficult-to-access scenarios is increasing. Filament-shaped sensors (FSS) are ideal for this demand, especially in applications in which the monitoring of textile structures is the focus. Electrically conductive bicomponent filaments based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer great potential due to their flexible mechanical properties. Through the core-conducting, bicomponent structure, the sensing material is protected from environmental factors such as surrounding conductive materials and external moisture. The insulating material, however, simultaneously complicates the contacting method in order to measure sensing changes in the conductive core. In this work, laser cutting is employed as a technology in order to expose the conductive core of the filaments. The filament is then coated with silver and mechanically crimped, providing both a conductive interface for the data acquisition device as well as a protective layer. Laser parameters (power 20–100 W and speed 5–50 mm/s) are investigated to identify the parameters with the best cutting properties for which the filaments are analyzed visually and electrically. This work provides a robust and reproducible method for contacting core-conducting TPU filaments for strain-sensing applications. This study shows that while the choice of laser parameter influences the morphology of the cut surface, its impact on the resulting linear resistivity is negligible.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
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Open AccessArticle
Acid Resistance of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers and Geopolymeric Mortars Reinforced with Coconut Fibers
by
Marco Lezzerini, Andrea Aquino and Stefano Pagnotta
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050040 - 1 May 2024
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This paper investigates the durability of geopolymers and geopolymeric mortars made with metakaolin and alkaline activators, with and without a coconut fiber addition, after immersion for seven days into solutions of citric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); hydrochloric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%,
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This paper investigates the durability of geopolymers and geopolymeric mortars made with metakaolin and alkaline activators, with and without a coconut fiber addition, after immersion for seven days into solutions of citric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); hydrochloric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%); and sulfuric acid (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%). The study focuses on mass changes, uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasound pulse velocity measurements. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to analyze the degradation products and microstructural changes. The aim is to assess the effect of acid exposure on the strength and stability of geopolymer materials and identify any protective effects of coconut fiber reinforcement. The samples are immersed in acid solutions of varying concentrations, and their mechanical properties are measured. The presence of coconut fibers slightly modifies the physical properties and the compressive strength, improving the mechanical flexural strength. Geopolymer and geopolymeric mortar materials experienced a weak decrease in strength when exposed to solutions of citric acid and a significant one when exposed to solutions of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, attributed to depolymerization of the aluminosilicate binders. Brick waste geopolymeric mortars reinforced with coconut fibers showed the best performance in acid solutions with respect to geopolymers and quartz-rich sand geopolymeric mortars, suggesting a more stable cross-linked aluminosilicate geopolymer structure in this material.
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Open AccessArticle
Strength and Erosion Resistance of Spinifex Fibre Reinforced Mudbrick
by
Dongxiu Guo, Ali Rajabipour, Milad Bazli, Cat Kutay, Varuna Sumanasena and Truong Nhat Phuong Pham
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050039 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study assesses the usability of natural materials available in Australia’s remote communities for making fibre-reinforced mudbricks. The present construction cost for housing in remote areas is too high to maintain the level of housing required for the remote Australian population. As this
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This study assesses the usability of natural materials available in Australia’s remote communities for making fibre-reinforced mudbricks. The present construction cost for housing in remote areas is too high to maintain the level of housing required for the remote Australian population. As this includes mostly First Nations communities, more culturally appropriate housing materials and construction methods are being considered. This study looks at mudbricks made from laterite soil reinforced by spinifex fibre, both available in abundance in remote communities. Hence, this material is more acceptable to communities as it is more sustainable, and the construction methods are more suited for First Nations engagement. Various mixes were tested for compressive strength and erosion resistance. Results suggest that spinifex can significantly improve compressive strength and reduce erosion effects; however, spinifex showed adverse effects at the early stage of the spray test. The results satisfy the minimum strength and erosion resistance requirements for construction and suggest that spinifex-reinforced mudbricks could potentially be considered as an alternative material in remote housing.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Fibers)
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Open AccessArticle
In-Plane Mechanical Characterization of a Kevlar® Composite
by
Rene Alejandro Canceco de la Cruz, Caleb Carreño Gallardo, Alberto Diaz Diaz, Luis Adrian Zuñiga Aviles, Gabriel Plascencia Barrera and Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez
Fibers 2024, 12(5), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12050038 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Polymer-based composites are widely used in the automotive, security, aeronautical and space industries, to mention a few. This is because of their good mechanical properties, which are similar to those of metals but with the attraction of being lightweight. Kevlar® is extensively
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Polymer-based composites are widely used in the automotive, security, aeronautical and space industries, to mention a few. This is because of their good mechanical properties, which are similar to those of metals but with the attraction of being lightweight. Kevlar® is extensively used as a reinforcement in the security industry owing to its good ballistic properties. This investigation presents a mechanical characterization based on in-plane quasi-static tensile testing of Kevlar® 29/phenolic resin with a polyvinyl butyral composite using a universal testing system. The methodology developed for the preparation of the coupons is based on pressure, temperature and time. As a result of this work, elastic moduli (EL and ET), Poisson’s ratio (νLT), shear modulus (GLT) and strengths (XT, YT, S) were obtained. It is worth mentioning that there is scarce or no characterization of this material in the literature, and those studies that do characterize it do not present the coupons’ thermoforming conditions or the reasons for the coupons’ dimensions (width, length and thickness).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behaviour of Reinforced Thermosetting Polymers with Fibers: Analytical/Numerical Models and Experimental Evidence)
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Open AccessArticle
Structural Characterisation of End-of-Life Cement–Asbestos Materials from Lithuania
by
Robert Kusiorowski, Anna Gerle, Magdalena Kujawa, Valentin Antonovič and Renata Boris
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040037 - 15 Apr 2024
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Asbestos is a widely used name for natural silicate minerals with fibrous properties. Asbestos minerals were one of the most popular and cheapest raw materials used in the construction industry in the past when they was used in the form of cement–asbestos composite
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Asbestos is a widely used name for natural silicate minerals with fibrous properties. Asbestos minerals were one of the most popular and cheapest raw materials used in the construction industry in the past when they was used in the form of cement–asbestos composite material. Nowadays, we know that asbestos possesses carcinogenic properties. Due to this fact, asbestos was banned in many countries including Lithuania. All asbestos-containing materials are considered waste and stored in special landfills, which causes significant environmental pollution. One of the methods proposed to solve the asbestos problem may be thermal treatment. In the present study, asbestos-containing wastes in the form of cement–asbestos materials were examined. These asbestos-containing materials were characterised via chemical analysis (XRF) connected with mineralogical phase analysis with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal decomposition of samples was studied via differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric measurements with evolved gas analysis (TG–EGA). It was found that thermal treatment is a possible way to destroy asbestos contained in cement–asbestos wastes and convert it into new mineral phases. The work also compared the obtained characteristics of asbestos waste with the characteristics of waste produced in other countries.
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Open AccessReview
A Review on False-Twist Texturing
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Mathias Ortega, Alexander Saynisch, Bahar-Merve Yurtseven and Thomas Gries
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040036 - 7 Apr 2024
Abstract
The annual demand for fibres continues to rise worldwide. Consequently, more and more fibres must be produced to meet this demand, most of which are melt-spun polymeric man-made fibres. Smooth filaments made of polymers are mainly used for technical applications in industry. For
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The annual demand for fibres continues to rise worldwide. Consequently, more and more fibres must be produced to meet this demand, most of which are melt-spun polymeric man-made fibres. Smooth filaments made of polymers are mainly used for technical applications in industry. For use in clothing or home textiles, for example, a texturing process is used to give the filaments a crimp and thus a feel like that of natural fibres. In this state, they can be processed together with natural fibres and used in textiles. Partially oriented yarns (POY) are of great importance in texturing. The yarns are mainly crimped with the help of the so-called false-twist texturing process (FTTP). Since POY accounts for about 60% of the melt-spun filament yarn produced worldwide, the FTTP is the most important texturing process in the textile industry. In this paper, the main components of false-twist texturing (FTT) machines are explained, along with the state of the art and research for each component and its influence on the process. Relevant patents are discussed, as well as process optimisation techniques, innovative polymers, and yarn types recently used in FTT, followed by a conclusion and an outlook for the process.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
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Open AccessArticle
A Multifunctional Approach to Optimizing Woven Fabrics for Thermal Protective Clothing
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Ivana Schwarz, Dubravko Rogale, Stana Kovačević and Snježana Firšt Rogale
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040035 - 7 Apr 2024
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This paper presents a detailed exploration of the development and characterization of multifunctional dual-purpose woven fabrics for thermal protective clothing. Through this research, 69 woven fabric prototypes have been carefully designed and produced, integrating various raw materials, yarn, and woven fabric construction parameters,
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This paper presents a detailed exploration of the development and characterization of multifunctional dual-purpose woven fabrics for thermal protective clothing. Through this research, 69 woven fabric prototypes have been carefully designed and produced, integrating various raw materials, yarn, and woven fabric construction parameters, with the aim of optimizing thermal protection properties while ensuring comfort and durability. The analysis led to the identification of two optimal woven fabric samples, which, upon further testing, exhibited exceptional dimensional stability, crease recovery, tear resistance, as well as abrasion and water resistance. Furthermore, the thermal properties were evaluated, demonstrating exceptional flame resistance, limited heat transmission, and high thermal insulation. Additionally, the study evaluated dynamic thermal properties, contact conductive heat transfer, air permeability, water vapour resistance, and thermal resistance of two clothing systems constructed from selected woven fabrics. Statistical analysis confirms significant differences between clothing systems, highlighting the influence of yarn composition and fabric structure on thermal performance and comfort, where one system exhibits better thermal insulation characteristics suitable for colder environments while the other excels in breathability for warmer climates. The developed woven fabrics meet high standards for protective clothing against heat and flame, surpassing currently available comparable woven fabrics on the market in terms of efficacy and performance. This research provides insights into the intricate balance between protection, comfort, and durability of woven fabrics, contributing to advancements in protective textile technology.
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Open AccessArticle
Performance of Flax/Epoxy Composites Made from Fabrics of Different Structures
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Abdolmajid Alipour and Krishnan Jayaraman
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040034 - 7 Apr 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Flax fibers have been shown to have comparable mechanical properties to some conventional synthetic fibers. Flax fabrics with different textile structures show differences in resistance against mechanical loads mainly rooted in fabric orientation and the resultant resin impregnation. Thus, in this study, flax
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Flax fibers have been shown to have comparable mechanical properties to some conventional synthetic fibers. Flax fabrics with different textile structures show differences in resistance against mechanical loads mainly rooted in fabric orientation and the resultant resin impregnation. Thus, in this study, flax fabrics with three different textile structures, fine twill weave, coarse twill weave and unidirectional, were used as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix. The surfaces of the fabrics were chemically treated using an alkaline treatment, and the alterations in fabric crystallinity index (CrI) were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Experimental results confirmed that textile structures and CrI had significant effects on the mechanical properties of composites. Although an increment in CrI, resulting from chemical treatment, always enhanced tensile and flexural properties, it adversely affected damage development once composites were exposed to impact load. In terms of textile structures, unidirectional fabric outperformed woven fabrics in tensile and flexural properties while in impact properties, the latter had a better performance inducing less damage development. Finally, the mechanism of damage development in different composites was discussed in detail using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. It is envisaged that the results of this study will provide an insight that will lead to the proper choice of the optimal kind of flax fabric for different applications.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
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Open AccessArticle
Fabrication of a PLA/PVA-BIO-HA Polymeric Membrane by the Electrospinning Technique
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Brenda Lizbeth Arroyo-Reyes, Celia Lizeth Gómez-Muñoz, Placido Zaca-Morán, Fabián Galindo-Ramírez and Marco Antonio Morales-Sánchez
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040033 - 3 Apr 2024
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In the present work, the fabrication of a membrane composed of polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Biological Hydroxyapatite (BIO-HA) is reported using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The membrane fabrication process involved mixing a solution of PLA and trichloromethane (TCM) with a
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In the present work, the fabrication of a membrane composed of polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Biological Hydroxyapatite (BIO-HA) is reported using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The membrane fabrication process involved mixing a solution of PLA and trichloromethane (TCM) with a second solution of PVA, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), distilled water, and BIO-HA at 110 °C. Subsequently, the electrospinning process was carried out using a voltage of 25 kV for 30 min on a rotating drum collector at 1000 rpm. The membrane was characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The morphological results revealed the presence of randomly arranged fibers with an average diameter of 290 ± 9 nm and interfiber spacing ranging from 200 to 700 nm, which are characteristics conducive to cell proliferation. Additionally, FTIR studies confirmed the presence of BIO-HA and the constituent elements of the polymers in the composite membrane. The polymeric membrane in contact with human mesenchymal stem cells was characterized as showing significant differences in its behavior at 6, 24, and 72 h post-contact. These studies indicate that the membrane provides physical support as a scaffold due to its suitable morphology for cell adhesion and proliferation, attributable to the electrospinning conditions as well as the polymers contained in BIO-HA. Membrane toxicity was confirmed through a cytotoxicity study using fluorescence microscopy, which showed that the membrane provided a favorable environment for cell proliferation. These results suggest that exposure to BIO-HA enhances its potential application in bone and joint tissue regeneration.
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of Particle Size on the Mechanical Properties of Single-Layer Particleboards
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Nick Engehausen, Jan Thore Benthien and Jan Lüdtke
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040032 - 2 Apr 2024
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While most of the influences on the mechanical properties of particleboard appear to have been investigated, there is a lack of knowledge about the influence of particle size or particle dimensions due to the absence of a suitable particle measuring technique. The introduction
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While most of the influences on the mechanical properties of particleboard appear to have been investigated, there is a lack of knowledge about the influence of particle size or particle dimensions due to the absence of a suitable particle measuring technique. The introduction of laser-based 3D scanning technology makes it possible to automatically determine the dimensions, surface area, and volume of particles. In this study, the influence of particle size on the mechanical properties of particleboards was investigated. To isolate potentially overlapping influences, single-layer particleboards with a uniform density profile were produced and analyzed. The amount of adhesive specific to the surface of the (fine) face layer particles and (coarse) core layer particles was adjusted utilizing 3D scanning of the surface areas to ensure comparability despite changes in particle size. It was found that with increasing particle size, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) increase, while the internal bond strength (IB) decreases. It is considered whether these effects result from a particle-size-dependent orientation of the particles in the board. Furthermore, it is shown that all the aforementioned properties increase with increasing surface-specific adhesive amounts. Examples are provided to demonstrate how such fundamental relationships can be utilized to enhance the particleboard production process.
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Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Development of Eco-Friendly Soy Protein Fiber: A Comprehensive Critical Review and Prospects
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Muneeb Tahir, Ang Li, Marguerite Moore, Ericka Ford, Thomas Theyson and Abdel-Fattah M. Seyam
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040031 - 30 Mar 2024
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In the first half of the twentieth century, scientific communities worldwide endeavored to diminish dependence on expensive and scarce animal fibers like wool and silk. Their efforts focused on developing regenerated protein fibers, including soy, zein, and casein, to provide comparable benefits to
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In the first half of the twentieth century, scientific communities worldwide endeavored to diminish dependence on expensive and scarce animal fibers like wool and silk. Their efforts focused on developing regenerated protein fibers, including soy, zein, and casein, to provide comparable benefits to natural protein fibers, such as lustrous appearance, warmth, and a soft feel. The popularity and cost-effectiveness of mass-produced petroleum-based synthetic polymer fibers during World War II diminished interest in developing soy protein fiber. Realizing the ecological degradation caused by fossil fuels and their derived products, a renewed drive exists to explore bio-based waste materials like soy protein. As a fast-growing crop, soy provides abundant byproducts with opportunities for waste valorization. The soybean oil extraction process produces soy protein as a byproduct, which is a highly tunable biopolymer. Various functional groups within the soy protein structure enable it to acquire different valuable properties. This review critically examines scholarly publications addressing soy protein fiber developmental history, soy protein microstructure modification methods, and soy protein fiber spinning technologies. Additionally, we provide our scientific-based views relevant to overcoming the limitations of previous work and share prospects to make soy protein byproducts viable textile fibers.
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics Containing Elastane Fibers
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Josephine T. Bolaji and Patricia I. Dolez
Fibers 2024, 12(4), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12040030 - 24 Mar 2024
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Woven fabrics generally have high strength but only limited stretch. This lack of stretch can be overcome by incorporating elastane fibers into the fabric structure. These stretch woven fabrics offer an interesting potential for tight-fitting garments. However, the presence of the elastane fibers
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Woven fabrics generally have high strength but only limited stretch. This lack of stretch can be overcome by incorporating elastane fibers into the fabric structure. These stretch woven fabrics offer an interesting potential for tight-fitting garments. However, the presence of the elastane fibers may lower the strength of the fabrics. To expand the knowledge on the mechanical behavior of stretch woven fabrics, this study investigated eight commercial fabrics with elastane fiber content between 5 and 51%. Four fabrics were polyester-based and the other four were polyamide-based. The effect of the fabric weight and elastane fiber content on the grab strength, tear strength, and unrecovered stretch was analyzed. It was observed that, at very high elastane fiber content, the load–extension curve was typical to that of an elastane fiber, while the traditional load–extension behavior of woven fabrics with low to average stretch was obtained at lower elastane fiber contents. For the polyester-based fabrics, the grab strength and tear strength generally increased with fabric weight and decreased with elastane fiber content. For the polyamide-based fabrics, a higher elastane fiber content led to a decrease in grab strength, tear strength, and unrecovered stretch. A reduction in tear strength was observed at higher fabric weight.
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Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Bacterial Cellulose Production by Komagataeibacter rhaeticus K23
by
Ceyda Uğurel and Hamdi Öğüt
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030029 - 21 Mar 2024
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The use of bacterial cellulose (BC), having high purity, a high degree of crystallinity, water-holding capacity, tensile strength and adaptability on a broad scale is limited because of the low yield. In this study, the optimal conditions for bio-cellulose production by Komagataeibacter rhaeticus
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The use of bacterial cellulose (BC), having high purity, a high degree of crystallinity, water-holding capacity, tensile strength and adaptability on a broad scale is limited because of the low yield. In this study, the optimal conditions for bio-cellulose production by Komagataeibacter rhaeticus K23 were investigated. Optimal values for temperature, pH, inoculum concentration and incubation time were determined via Taguchi design. The maximum BC production, 9.1 ± 0.66 g·L−1 (dry weight), was obtained from 32 °C, pH 5.5, 8 log CFU·mL−1 and 14 days of incubation. The inoculum concentration was the most significant factor affecting BC yield. A value of 8 log CFU·mL−1 and 14 days of incubation led to significantly higher levels of BC yield than other concentrations (8.5, 9, 9.5, 10 and 10.5 log CFU·mL−1) (p < 0.002) and days (15, 16, 17, 21 and 28) (p < 0.001). The studied features, namely absorption peaks (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), pattern and the crystallinity index (X-ray diffraction analysis) of the BC obtained in this study were all in parallel with the characteristics of cellulose I. The study demonstrates that optimized parameters were effective in producing BC with high water-holding capacity, tensile strength, elongation and Young’s modulus (mechanical tests) by K. rhaeticus K23.
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Open AccessReview
Retting of Bast Fiber Crops Like Hemp and Flax—A Review for Classification of Procedures
by
Morris Angulu and Hans-Jörg Gusovius
Fibers 2024, 12(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12030028 - 15 Mar 2024
Abstract
The interest and thus the number of publications on the supply chains of bast fiber plants has steadily increased in recent years. A number of specific technical terms related to methods and their use for individual areas of the supply chain are often
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The interest and thus the number of publications on the supply chains of bast fiber plants has steadily increased in recent years. A number of specific technical terms related to methods and their use for individual areas of the supply chain are often interpreted and used in very different ways. Therefore, the aim of this publication is to increase the clarity of the description of the operations and to improve the understanding of the sequence and the purpose of the process steps. This is based on a selected review of the relevant literature as well as on suggestions for their classification
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fibers 10th Anniversary: Past, Present, and Future)
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