Journal Description
Catalysts
Catalysts
is a peer-reviewed open access journal of catalysts and catalyzed reactions published monthly online by MDPI. The Romanian Catalysis Society (RCS) are partners of Catalysts journal and its members receive a discount on the article processing charge.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, CAB Abstracts, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Physical) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Environmental Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.2 (2022)
Latest Articles
Cu-MOF-74-Derived CuO-400 Material for CO2 Electroreduction
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060361 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
This study proposes a straightforward strategy utilizing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to obtain efficient electrocatalysts for synthesizing C2 products (C2H4 and C2H5OH) via a CO2 reduction reaction. Cu-MOF-74 was chosen as the precursor, while copper oxide
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This study proposes a straightforward strategy utilizing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to obtain efficient electrocatalysts for synthesizing C2 products (C2H4 and C2H5OH) via a CO2 reduction reaction. Cu-MOF-74 was chosen as the precursor, while copper oxide nanoparticles were obtained through a calcination method. During the calcination process, by controlling the calcination conditions, the porous structure of the MOF framework was successfully retained, leading to CuO-400 with a high catalytic activity and C2 production efficiency. Compared to CuO-n formed by the calcination of Cu(NO3)2, CuO-400 derived from MOFs exhibits a 1.6 times higher C2 activity as an electrocatalytic material at −1.15 V vs. RHE.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion)
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Design of Experiments for Process Optimization of the Direct Wacker-Type Oxidation of 1-Decene to n-Decanal
by
Thomas Bouveyron, Patricia Bratenberg, Peter Bell and Matthias Eisenacher
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060360 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The rapid increase in the use and development of statistical design of experiments (DoE), particularly in pharmaceutical process development, has become increasingly important over the last decades. This rise aligns with Green Chemistry Principles, seeking reduced resource usage and heightened efficiency. In this
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The rapid increase in the use and development of statistical design of experiments (DoE), particularly in pharmaceutical process development, has become increasingly important over the last decades. This rise aligns with Green Chemistry Principles, seeking reduced resource usage and heightened efficiency. In this study, we employed a comprehensive design of experiments (DoE) approach to optimize the catalytic conversion of 1-decene to n-decanal through direct Wacker-type oxidation using the previously determined efficient PdCl2(MeCN)2 catalytic system. The aim was to maximize selectivity and conversion efficiency. Through systematic variation of seven factors, including substrate amount, catalyst and co-catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, homogenization temperature, and water content, this study identified critical parameters influencing the process to direct the reaction toward the desired product. The statistical analysis revealed high significance for both selectivity and conversion, with surface diagrams illustrating optimal conditions. Notably, catalyst amount emerged as a pivotal factor influencing conversion, with reaction temperature and co-catalyst amount significantly affecting both conversion efficiency and selectivity. The refined model demonstrated strong correlations between predicted and observed values, highlighting the impact of these factors on both selectivity and conversion.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis for Functionalization Reaction of Hydrocarbons Compounds)
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Effect of the Metal of a Metallic Ionic Liquid (-butyl-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate) on the Oxidation of Hydrazine
by
Marcela Brockmann, Freddy Navarro, José Ibarra, Constanza León, Francisco Armijo, María Jesús Aguirre, Galo Ramírez and Roxana Arce
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060359 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
This work investigates the electrocatalytic properties of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) modified with ionic liquids (IL) and metallic ionic liquid (ILFe) for the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR). The results indicate that ILFe significantly enhances the catalytic activity of the electrode, exhibiting catalysis towards
[...] Read more.
This work investigates the electrocatalytic properties of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) modified with ionic liquids (IL) and metallic ionic liquid (ILFe) for the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR). The results indicate that ILFe significantly enhances the catalytic activity of the electrode, exhibiting catalysis towards hydrazine oxidation, reducing overpotential, and increasing reaction current. It is determined that the HzOR on the MWCNT/MO/ILFe electrode involves the transfer of four electrons, with high selectivity for nitrogen formation. Additionally, ILFe is observed to improve the wettability of the electrode surface, increasing its capacitance and reaction efficiency. This study highlights the advantages of ILFe-modified CPEs in terms of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and improved performance for electrochemical applications, demonstrating how the ionic liquid catalyzes hydrazine oxidation despite its lower conductivity.
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(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)
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Regulating the Monomer Symmetry of Poly-Perylene-Diimides for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production
by
Meiwanqin Zhou, Yukun Yan, Jinsong Zhang and Jun Xiao
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060358 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Photocatalysis technology is an economical and effective new energy technology which depends on the conversion and storage of light energy through an energy transfer process or charge transfer process. Recently, organic semiconductor photocatalytic materials with the advantages of controllable structure, broad spectral response,
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Photocatalysis technology is an economical and effective new energy technology which depends on the conversion and storage of light energy through an energy transfer process or charge transfer process. Recently, organic semiconductor photocatalytic materials with the advantages of controllable structure, broad spectral response, designability, and flexibility have received wide attention. In particular, the organic polymeric materials containing poly-perylene diimides (PDI) show significant promise in the realm of photocatalysis due to their impressive catalytic capabilities and wide spectral reactivity. However, a poor charge separation and transportation (CST) process undermines their photocatalytic efficiency in most polymer photocatalysts, as well as in PDI photocatalysts. In this context, we propose a new strategy through regulating the monomer symmetry to construct highly efficient PDI photocatalysts. As proof-of-concept, a series of new PDI-based organic supramolecular photocatalytic materials with full visible spectral response from the perspectives of both the π-π conjugated structure and the symmetry of chain structure are successfully synthesized. Meanwhile, the structural compositions, morphology features, electrical properties, and photocatalytic performances of those obtained PDI photocatalysts were systematically studied. The results shown that the as-prepared PDI-1,5NDA exhibits 1.6-fold and 3.7-fold higher levels of photosynthesis of H2O2 activity than those of PDI-1,4NDA and PDI-PDA, respectively, which could be ascribe to its lower symmetry and large π-conjugate systems greatly enhances the separation of charge carriers.
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(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)
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TiO2/p-BC Composite Photocatalyst for Efficient Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solutions under Simulated Sunlight
by
Jianhui Liu, Liwen Zheng, Yongchao Gao, Lei Ji, Zhongfeng Yang, Hailun Wang, Ming Shang, Jianhua Du and Xiaodong Yang
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060357 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Pollution caused by antibiotics has brought significant challenges to the ecological environment. To improve the efficiency of the removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solutions, a composite material consisting of TiO2 and phosphoric acid-treated peanut shell biochar (p-BC) has been successfully synthesized
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Pollution caused by antibiotics has brought significant challenges to the ecological environment. To improve the efficiency of the removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solutions, a composite material consisting of TiO2 and phosphoric acid-treated peanut shell biochar (p-BC) has been successfully synthesized in the present study by the sol-gel method. In addition, the composite material was characterized using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The XPS and FTIR analyses revealed the formation of a new Ti–O–C bond, while the XRD analysis confirmed the presence of TiO2 (with an anatase phase) in the composite material. Also, the PL analyses showed a notable decrease in the recombination efficiency of electrons and holes, which was due to the formation of a composite. This was further supported by the UV-vis DRS analyses, which revealed a decrease in bandgap (to 2.73 eV) of the composite material and led to enhanced light utilization and improved photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the effects of pH, composite dosage, and initial concentration on the removal of TC were thoroughly examined, which resulted in a maximum removal efficiency of 95.3% under optimal conditions. Additionally, five consecutive cycle tests demonstrated an exceptional reusability and stability of the composite material. As a result of the experiments, the active species verified that ·O2− played a key role in the photodegradation of TC. Four possible degradation pathways of TC were then proposed. As a general conclusion, the TiO2/p–BC composite can be used as an efficient photocatalyst in the removal of TC from aqueous solutions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Treatment of Pollutants in Water)
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Rational Design of Z-Scheme Heterostructures Composed of Bi/Fe-Based MOFs for the Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
by
Jing Xu, Songlin Zhu, Huizhi Zhou, Minghao Hou, Kangle Wan, Xueqi Zhang, Wei Yan, Yingcong Wei and Yuanping Chen
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060356 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently gained attention as a highly promising category of photocatalytic materials, showing great potential in the degradation of organic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB). Nonetheless, the mono-metal MOF materials in this application are often constrained by their limited
[...] Read more.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently gained attention as a highly promising category of photocatalytic materials, showing great potential in the degradation of organic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB). Nonetheless, the mono-metal MOF materials in this application are often constrained by their limited light absorption capabilities and their propensity for recombination with carriers. The combination of different metal-based MOFs to form heterogeneous reactors could present a promising approach for the removal of dyes from water. In this work, a new CAU-17/MIL-100(Fe) Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst composed of two MOFs with the same ligands is reported to realize the efficient degradation of dyes in water. The combination of the two MOFs results in a significant enhancement of the surface open sites, optical responsivity range, and charge-separating efficiency through synergistic effects. In addition, the capture experiments conducted on the photocatalytic process have verified that ∙O2− and h+ are the primary active species. Consequently, CAU-17/MIL-100(Fe) exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and stability. The degradation rate of the optimal CAU-17/MIL-100(Fe) photocatalyst was 34.55 times that of CAU-17 and 3.60 times that of MIL-100(Fe). Our work provides a new strategy for exploring the visible-light degradation of RhB in bimetallic MOF composites.
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(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)
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Open AccessReview
Performance of Ni-Based Catalysts with La Promoter for the Reforming of Methane in Gasification Process
by
Meng Chen and Lei Wang
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060355 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
The deactivation of active sites caused by high-temperature sintering and the deposition of a large amount of carbon are the main difficulties in the reforming of methane using Ni-based catalysts. La, as a promoter, has an ameliorating effect on the defects of Ni-based
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The deactivation of active sites caused by high-temperature sintering and the deposition of a large amount of carbon are the main difficulties in the reforming of methane using Ni-based catalysts. La, as a promoter, has an ameliorating effect on the defects of Ni-based catalysts. In this article, the mechanism of action of Ni-based catalysts with the introduction of the rare-earth metal additive La was reviewed, and the effects of La on the methane-reforming performance of Ni-based catalysts were examined. The physical properties, alkalinity, and activity of Ni-based catalysts can be enhanced by the use of the auxiliary agent La, which promotes the conversion of CH4 and CO2 as well as the selectivity towards H2 and CO formation in the reforming of methane. The reason why the Ni-based catalysts could maintain long-term stability in the presence of La was discussed. Furthermore, the current state of research on the introduction of different amounts of La in the reforming of methane at home and abroad was analyzed. It was found that 2–5 wt.% La is the most optimal quantity for improving the catalyst activity and stability, as well as the CO2 chemisorption. The limitations and directions for future research in the reforming of methane were discussed.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Catalysis for Sustainable Chemistry and Energy, 2nd Volume)
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Nano-Magnetic Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulosic Composite as a Sustainable Photocatalyst for Textile Industrial Effluent Remediation
by
Maha A. Tony, Nour Sh. El-Gendy, Mohamed Hussien, Abdullah A. S. Ahmed, Jiayu Xin, Xingmei Lu and Ibrahim El Tantawy El-Sayed
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060354 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Researchers have focused on deriving environmentally benign materials from biomass waste and converting them into value-added materials. In this study, cellulosic crystals derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are augmented with magnetite (M) nanoparticles. Following the co-precipitation route, the composite was prepared, and then
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Researchers have focused on deriving environmentally benign materials from biomass waste and converting them into value-added materials. In this study, cellulosic crystals derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are augmented with magnetite (M) nanoparticles. Following the co-precipitation route, the composite was prepared, and then the mixture was subjected to a green microwave solvent-less technique. Various mass ratios of SCB:M (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 1:2) were prepared and efficiently utilized as photocatalysts. To look at the structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples, X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis were used to describe the composite fibers. SCB:M augmented with H2O2 as a Fenton reaction was used to eliminate Reactive blue 19 (RB19) from polluted water and was compared with pristine SCB and M. Additionally, the response surface methodology (RSM) statistically located and assessed the optimized parameters. The optimal operating conditions were recorded at pH 2.0 and 3:1 SCB: M with 40 mg/L and 100 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide. However, the temperature increase inhibits the oxidation reaction. The kinetic modeling fit showed the reaction following the second-order kinetic model with an energy barrier of 98.66 kJ/mol. The results show that such photocatalyst behavior is a promising candidate for treating textile effluent in practical applications.
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(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)
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Water-Soluble Fe(III) Complex Catalyzed Coupling Aquathermolysis of Water-Heavy Oil-Methanol
by
Shijun Chen, Shu Zhang, Jinchao Feng, Xiaolong Long, Tianbao Hu and Gang Chen
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060353 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
In this experimental study, diverse water-soluble Fe(III) complexes were synthesized and employed to catalyze the aquathermolysis of heavy oil. A ternary reaction system comprising heavy oil, water, and methanol was established to facilitate the process. Viscometry, thermogravimetric analysis, DSC, and elemental analysis were
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In this experimental study, diverse water-soluble Fe(III) complexes were synthesized and employed to catalyze the aquathermolysis of heavy oil. A ternary reaction system comprising heavy oil, water, and methanol was established to facilitate the process. Viscometry, thermogravimetric analysis, DSC, and elemental analysis were utilized to thoroughly investigate the treated heavy oil. The findings reveal that, under optimal conditions of water, catalyst, and methanol dosage, the viscosity of heavy oil can be significantly reduced by up to 88.22% after reacting at 250 °C for 12 h. Notably, apart from viscosity reduction, the catalytic aquathermolysis also effectively removes heteroatoms such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, enabling in situ modification and viscosity reduction of heavy oil. This study demonstrates the potential of water-soluble Fe(III) complexes in enhancing the efficiency of heavy oil extraction and processing.
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(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Catalysis)
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Promotion Effect of H2S at High Concentrations on Catalytic Dry Reforming of Methane in Sour Natural Gas
by
Hengchang Ni, Xiaoyu Jia, Li Yu, Yuyang Li and Ping Li
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060352 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
The effect of high concentrations of H2S in sour natural gas on the catalytic dry reforming of methane (DRM) process has seldom been studied previously in the literature. Herein, several types of catalysts, including MgO, NiO/MgO, and LaNiO3 in different
[...] Read more.
The effect of high concentrations of H2S in sour natural gas on the catalytic dry reforming of methane (DRM) process has seldom been studied previously in the literature. Herein, several types of catalysts, including MgO, NiO/MgO, and LaNiO3 in different states, were prepared for conducting DRM at 800 °C and 0.1 MPa in a feed of 20 vol% CO2 and 20 vol% CH4, and their catalytic performance under conditions of the absence and presence of H2S was compared. A promotion effect of increasing H2S concentration on both the conversions of CO2 and CH4 and the molar yields of CO and H2 was observed on all the catalysts and was particularly remarkable on the MgO and the pristine NiO/MgO. For NiO/MgO, the addition of 15 vol% H2S increased the conversion of CH4 from 6.92% to 26.86% and CO2 from 9.15% to 42.10%. While there was a significant decline in the catalytic activity of the reduced NiO/MgO and LaNiO3 catalysts after adding H2S, moderate reactant conversions were still sustained. The results of process analysis and catalyst structure characterization suggest that H2S participation can contribute to the increment in CO2 and CH4 conversion, and active S-adsorbed species may play the key role of catalysis in reactions involving H2S.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Environment and Energy Catalysis)
Open AccessArticle
The Influence of Platinum on the Catalytic Properties of Bifunctional Cobalt Catalysts for the Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from CO and H2
by
Roman E. Yakovenko, Ivan N. Zubkov, Ol’ga P. Papeta, Yash V. Kataria, Vera G. Bakun, Roman D. Svetogorov and Alexander P. Savost’yanov
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060351 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
New bifunctional cobalt catalysts for combined Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and hydroprocessing of hydrocarbons containing Pt were developed. To prepare catalysts in the form of a composite mixture, the FT synthesis catalyst Co-Al2O3/SiO2 and ZSM-5 zeolite in the H-form were
[...] Read more.
New bifunctional cobalt catalysts for combined Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and hydroprocessing of hydrocarbons containing Pt were developed. To prepare catalysts in the form of a composite mixture, the FT synthesis catalyst Co-Al2O3/SiO2 and ZSM-5 zeolite in the H-form were used as metal and acid components, respectively, with boehmite as a binder. The catalysts were characterized by various methods, such as XRD using synchrotron radiation, SEM, EDS, TEM and TPR. The effect of the Pt introduction method on the particle size and conditions for cobalt reduction was studied. The testing of catalysts in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was carried out at a pressure of 2.0 MPa, a temperature of 240 and 250 °C, an H2/CO ratio of 2 and a synthesis gas volumetric velocity of 1000 h−1. It is shown that the method of introducing a hydrogenating metal by adjusting the nano-sized spatial structure of the catalyst determined the activity in the synthesis and group and fractional composition of the resulting products. It is established that the presence of Pt intensified the processes of synthesis and hydrogenation, including isomeric products, and reduced the content of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The application of Pt by impregnation onto the surface of the metal component of the catalysts provided the highest productivity for C5+ hydrocarbons, and for the acidic component, it enabled maximum cracking and isomerizing abilities.
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(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Catalysis)
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A Novel SnO2/ZnFe2O4 Magnetic Photocatalyst with Excellent Photocatalytic Performance in Rhodamine B Removal
by
Yu Hao, Yi Xiao, Xiuzhu Liu, Jiawei Ma, Yuan Lu, Ziang Chang, Dayong Luo, Lin Li, Qi Feng, Longjun Xu and Yongkui Huang
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060350 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, we prepared the SnO2/ZnFe2O4 (SZ) composite magnetic photocatalyst via a two-step hydrothermal method. Structural and performance analyses revealed that SZ-5 with a ZnFe2O4 mass ratio of 5% (SZ-5) exhibited optimal photocatalytic activity,
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In this study, we prepared the SnO2/ZnFe2O4 (SZ) composite magnetic photocatalyst via a two-step hydrothermal method. Structural and performance analyses revealed that SZ-5 with a ZnFe2O4 mass ratio of 5% (SZ-5) exhibited optimal photocatalytic activity, achieving a 72.6% degradation rate of Rhodamine B (RhB) solution within 120 min. SZ-5 consisted of irregular nano blocks of SnO2 combined with spherical nanoparticles of ZnFe2O4, with a saturated magnetization intensity of 1.27 emu/g. Moreover, the specific surface area of SnO2 loaded with ZnFe2O4 increased, resulting in a decreased forbidden bandwidth and expanded light absorption range. The construction of a Z-type heterojunction structure between SnO2 and ZnFe2O4 facilitated the migration of photogenerated charges, reduced the recombination rate of electron-hole pairs, and enhanced electrical conductivity. During the photocatalytic reaction, RhB was degraded by·OH, O2−, and h+, in which O2− played a major role.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidizable Catalysts for Novel Chemical Processes)
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Open AccessEditorial
Novel Catalytic Strategies for the Synthesis of Furans and Their Derivatives
by
Sara Fulignati
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060349 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
The depletion of fossil resources and their environmental issues make the transition toward alternative feedstock even more urgent [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Catalytic Strategies for the Synthesis of Furans and Their Derivatives)
Open AccessArticle
A Single-Atom Au Catalyst Boosts High-Efficiency Electrochemical Seawater Oxidation
by
Qihao Sha, Jian Shen, Guotao Yang, Tianshui Li, Wei Liu, Yun Kuang and Xiaoming Sun
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060348 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Alkaline seawater electrolysis has garnered significant attention as an efficient, green, and sustainable method for producing green hydrogen in recent years. However, the lack of highly active anodes in seawater electrolysis to prevent chloride oxidation reactions has limited its commercial application. In this
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Alkaline seawater electrolysis has garnered significant attention as an efficient, green, and sustainable method for producing green hydrogen in recent years. However, the lack of highly active anodes in seawater electrolysis to prevent chloride oxidation reactions has limited its commercial application. In this study, Au single atoms were deposited on NiCoFeS through the electrochemical deposition method. The optimized catalyst exhibited significantly enhanced activity in seawater electrolyte; the Au@NiCoFeS catalyst achieved a current density of 10 mA/cm2 with only 183 mV and maintained its performance without degradation for 250 h at a current density of 200 mA/cm2, with no corrosion observed on either the catalyst or the substrate.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Electrocatalytic Activity of Metal Oxides)
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Highly Tuning of Sunlight-Photocatalytic Properties of SnO2 Nanocatalysts: Function of Gd/Fe Dopants
by
Ghayah M. Alsulaim and Shada A. Alsharif
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060347 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Gd/Fe-SnO2 nanopowders as novel photocatalysts for the active removal of Rose Bengal dye and methyl parathion pesticide were synthesized with a low-cost coprecipitation route. The X-ray diffraction analysis of SnO2, Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 and Sn
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Gd/Fe-SnO2 nanopowders as novel photocatalysts for the active removal of Rose Bengal dye and methyl parathion pesticide were synthesized with a low-cost coprecipitation route. The X-ray diffraction analysis of SnO2, Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 and Sn0.94Gd0.02Fe0.04O2 nanopowders proved the formation of a tetragonal phase of tin oxide with average crystallite sizes in the range of 13–18 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of all samples displayed the characteristic absorption bands of SnO2. The nanopowder of the pure SnO2 sample, as seen in its transmission electron microscope (TEM) image, contains spherical-like particles of variable sizes. The TEM images of the Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 and Sn0.94Gd0.02Fe0.04O2 powders revealed the synthesis of fine spherical nanoparticles. Based on the TEM images, the average particle size of the pure, (Gd, 2 wt% Fe) and (Gd, 4 wt% Fe) codoped SnO2 nanopowders was estimated to be 14, 10 and 12 nm, respectively. After the addition of (Gd, 2 wt% Fe) and (Gd, 4 wt% Fe) to the SnO2 structure, the band gap energy of SnO2 was reduced from 3.4 eV to 2.88 and 2.82 eV, respectively. Significantly, the Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 nanocatalyst exhibited a high removal efficiency of 98 and 96% for Rose Bengal dye and methyl parathion pesticide after activation by sunlight for 35 and 48 min, respectively. Furthermore, this catalyst has shown perfect mineralization as well as high stability properties for the treatment of Rose Bengal dye and methyl parathion pesticide. These results suggest the suitability of the Sn0.96Gd0.02Fe0.02O2 nanocatalyst for the treatment of agriculture and industrial effluent under sunlight light energy.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nanostructured Catalysts)
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Synthesis, Characterization of the Novel Heterojunction Photocatalyst Sm2NdSbO7/BiDyO3 for Efficient Photodegradation of Methyl Parathion
by
Jingfei Luan, Jun Li, Ye Yao, Bowen Niu, Liang Hao, Yichun Wang and Zhe Li
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060346 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
A new catalyst, Sm2NdSbO7, was synthesized for the first time by solid-phase sintering. The study utilized X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to examine the structural characteristics of monocrystal BiDyO3,
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A new catalyst, Sm2NdSbO7, was synthesized for the first time by solid-phase sintering. The study utilized X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to examine the structural characteristics of monocrystal BiDyO3, monocrystal Sm2NdSbO7 and Sm2NdSbO7/BiDyO3 heterojunction photocatalysts (SBHP) prepared by solid-phase sintering. The Sm2NdSbO7 photocatalyst owned a pyrochlorite structure, belonged to the face-centered cubic crystal system, possessed a space group of Fd3m and a bandgap width of 2.750 eV. After 145 min of visible light irradiation (145-VLIRD), the removal rate (RMR) of methyl parathion (MP) or total organic carbon of SBHP was 100% or 97.58%, respectively. After 145-VLIRD, the photocatalytic degradation rates of SBHP to MP were 1.13 times, 1.20 times, and 2.43 times higher than those of the Sm2NdSbO7 photocatalyst, the BiDyO3 photocatalyst, and the nitrogen-doped TiO2 catalyst, respectively. The experimental results showed that SBHP had good photocatalytic activity. After four cycles of cyclic degradation experiments with SBHP, the elimination rates of MP were 98.76%, 97.44%, 96.32%, and 95.72%, respectively. The results showed that SBHP had good stability. Finally, the possible degradation pathways and degradation mechanisms of MP were speculated. In this study, we successfully developed a high-efficiency heterojunction catalyst which responded to visible light and possessed significant photocatalytic activity. The catalyst could be used in photocatalytic reaction system for eliminating the harmful organic pollutants from wastewater.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Monocrystal Catalysts and Complex Photocatalysts: Synthesis and Characterization)
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Constructing Polyphosphazene Microsphere-Supported Pd Nanocatalysts for Efficient Hydrogenation of Quinolines under Mild Conditions
by
Xiufang Chen, Qingguang Xiao, Yiguo Yang, Bo Dong and Zhengping Zhao
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060345 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
The efficient hydrogenation of N-heterocycles with H2 under mild conditions remains a significant challenge. In this work, polyphosphazene (PZs) microspheres, novel organic–inorganic hybrid materials possessing unique –P=N– structural units and a diverse range of side groups, were used to serve as support
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The efficient hydrogenation of N-heterocycles with H2 under mild conditions remains a significant challenge. In this work, polyphosphazene (PZs) microspheres, novel organic–inorganic hybrid materials possessing unique –P=N– structural units and a diverse range of side groups, were used to serve as support for the design of a stable and efficient Pd nanocatalyst (Pd/PZs). The PZs microspheres were prepared by self-assembly induced by precipitation polymerization, and Pd nanoparticles were grown and loaded on the support by a chemical reduction process. Several characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XPS, BET and TGA, were used to study the structural features of the nanocomposites. The results revealed that Pd nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the PZs microspheres, with primary sizes ranging from 4 to 9 nm based on the abundance of functional P/N/O groups in PZs. Remarkably high catalytic activity and stability were observed for the hydrogenation of quinoline compounds using the Pd/PZs nanocatalyst under mild conditions. Rates of 98.9% quinoline conversion and 98.5% 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline selectivity could be achieved at a low H2 pressure (1.5 bar) and temperature (40 °C). A possible reaction mechanism for quinoline hydrogenation over Pd/PZs was proposed. This work presents an innovative approach utilizing a Pd-based nanocatalyst for highly efficient multifunctional hydrogenation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Polymerization Catalysis)
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Open AccessArticle
Ionic Liquid Modification of High-Pt-Loading Pt/C Electrocatalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Application
by
Fengshun Cheng, Yuchen Guo, Xinhong Liang, Fanqiushi Yue, Yichang Yan, Yang Li, Yuanzhi Zhu, Yanping He and Shangfeng Du
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060344 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
Ionic liquid modification for carbon-supported platinum (Pt/C) electrocatalysts to enhance their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity has been well recognized. However, the research has only been reported on the low-Pt-loading Pt/C electrocatalysts, e.g., 20 wt%, while in practical applications, usually high-Pt-loading Pt/C electrocatalysts
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Ionic liquid modification for carbon-supported platinum (Pt/C) electrocatalysts to enhance their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity has been well recognized. However, the research has only been reported on the low-Pt-loading Pt/C electrocatalysts, e.g., 20 wt%, while in practical applications, usually high-Pt-loading Pt/C electrocatalysts of 45–60 wt% are used. In this work, ionic liquid modification is systematically investigated for a Pt/C electrocatalyst with 60 wt% Pt loading for its ORR activity in the cathode in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Various adsorption amounts are studied on the catalyst surface. Different modification behavior is found. Mechanism exploration shows that the adsorption of ionic liquid mainly happens on the Pt electrocatalyst surface and in the micropores of the carbon support. The highest fuel cell power performance is achieved at an ionic liquid loading of 7 wt%, which is much higher than the 3 wt% reported for the low-Pt-loading Pt/C.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids and Eutectic Mixtures for Green Catalytic Processes)
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Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Single-Atom Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction and H2 Production
by
Muhammad Yasir Akram, Tuba Ashraf, Muhammad Saqaf Jagirani, Ahsan Nazir, Muhammad Saqib and Muhammad Imran
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060343 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
The extensive use of single-atom catalysts (SACs) has appeared as a significant area of investigation in contemporary study. The single-atom catalyst, characterized by its maximum atomic proficiency and great discernment of the transition-metal center, has a unique combination of benefits from both heterogeneous
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The extensive use of single-atom catalysts (SACs) has appeared as a significant area of investigation in contemporary study. The single-atom catalyst, characterized by its maximum atomic proficiency and great discernment of the transition-metal center, has a unique combination of benefits from both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. Consequently, it effectively bridges the gap between these two types of catalysts, leveraging their distinctive features. The utilization of SACs immobilized on graphene substrates has garnered considerable interest, primarily because of their capacity to facilitate selective and efficient photocatalytic processes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the progress and potential uses of SACs made from graphene in photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and hydrogen (H2) generation. The focus is on their contribution to converting solar energy into chemical energy. The present study represents the various preparation methods and characterization approaches of graphene-based single-atom photocatalyst This review investigates the detailed mechanisms underlying these photocatalytic processes and discusses recent studies that have demonstrated remarkable H2 production rates through various graphene-based single-atom photocatalysts. Additionally, the pivotal roleof theoretical simulations, likedensity functional theory (DFT), to understand the structural functional relationships of these SACs are discussed. The potential of graphene-based SACs to revolutionize solar-to-chemical energy conversion through photocatalytic CO2 reduction and H2 production is underscored, along with addressing challenges and outlining future directions for this developing area of study. By shedding light on the progress and potential of these catalysts, this review contributes to the collective pursuit of sustainable and efficient energy conversion strategies to mitigate the global climate crisis.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Photo/Electrocatalytic Water Splitting)
Open AccessArticle
On-Purpose Oligomerization by 2-t-Butyl-4-arylimino-2,3-dihydroacridylnickel(II) Bromides
by
Song Zou, Zheng Wang, Yizhou Wang, Yanping Ma, Yang Sun and Wen-Hua Sun
Catalysts 2024, 14(6), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14060342 - 24 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, 2-t-butyl-4-arylimino-2,3-dihydroacridylnickel dibromides were synthesized by nickel-template one-pot condensation, and well characterized along with the single-crystal X-ray diffraction to one representative complex, revealing a distorted tetrahedral geometry around nickel. When activated with modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), all nickel complexes exhibited
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In this study, 2-t-butyl-4-arylimino-2,3-dihydroacridylnickel dibromides were synthesized by nickel-template one-pot condensation, and well characterized along with the single-crystal X-ray diffraction to one representative complex, revealing a distorted tetrahedral geometry around nickel. When activated with modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO), all nickel complexes exhibited high activities (up to 1.91 × 106 g mol−1 (Ni) h−1) toward major trimerization of ethylene. When activated with ethylaluminum dichloride (EtAlCl2), however, the title complexes performed good activities (up to 1.05 × 106 g mol−1 (Ni) h−1) for selective dimerization of ethylene. In comparison to analogous nickel complexes, higher activities were achieved with the substituent of t-butyl group, especially in the rare case of nickel complexes performing trimerization of ethylene.
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(This article belongs to the Section Catalysis in Organic and Polymer Chemistry)
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