Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Civil) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Effects of Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Macro and Micro Properties of the Cement-Stabilized Soil with Curing Agent
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061716 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cement-stabilized soil is a commonly used pavement base/bottom base material. Adding a suitable curing agent to cement-stabilized soil can effectively reduce the dosage of cement, meet the strength requirements, and also greatly improve its water stability. In this paper, three kinds of cement
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Cement-stabilized soil is a commonly used pavement base/bottom base material. Adding a suitable curing agent to cement-stabilized soil can effectively reduce the dosage of cement, meet the strength requirements, and also greatly improve its water stability. In this paper, three kinds of cement dosage (6%, 8%, and 10%) of cement-stabilized soil were selected to add a 0.04% organic liquid curing agent, and then compared with high-dose cement (10% and 12%)-stabilized soil. The influence of wetting–drying cycles on the mechanical properties of the five stabilized soils was discussed. The mineral composition of cement-stabilized soils before and after the addition of a curing agent was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the microscopic morphology of 10% cement-stabilized soils with a curing agent was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The macroscopic test shows that the unconfined compressive strength of solidified cement-stabilized soil can be divided into three stages with the increase in the times of the wetting–drying cycles, which are the rapid decay stage, stable enhancement stage, and stable decay stage. The wetting–drying stability coefficient first increases, and then decreases with the increase in the times of the wetting–drying cycles. The microscopic test shows that the addition of a curing agent can enhance the content of hydration products in the cement-stabilized soil specimen; at the curing age of 28 d, with the increase in the times of the wet–dry cycles, the structure of the solidified cement-stabilized soil gradually broke down. The surface porosity P and pore diameter d showed an overall upward trend but decreased at the fifth wetting–drying cycle. The pore orientation weakened. The results show that the resistance of cement-stabilized soil with a curing agent is obviously better than that of cement-stabilized soil under wet–dry conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Road Pavements)
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Seismic Response Analysis and Damage Calculation of Long-Span Structures with a Novel Three-Dimensional Isolation System
by
Zhenyuan Gu, Xiaolong Wu, Lu Feng, Ying Sun, Zhijun Cheng, Wangping Qian and Hai Gong
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061715 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional isolation system consisting of thick rubber bearing (TNRB), disc spring bearing (DSB), and laminated rubber bearing (LRB) in series combination was designed, and its composition, principle, and isolation effect were comprehensively analyzed. By combining numerical examples, the whole structure method
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A novel three-dimensional isolation system consisting of thick rubber bearing (TNRB), disc spring bearing (DSB), and laminated rubber bearing (LRB) in series combination was designed, and its composition, principle, and isolation effect were comprehensively analyzed. By combining numerical examples, the whole structure method is used to compare and analyze the dynamic characteristics, dynamic response, and structural damage of large-span isolation structures containing new three-dimensional systems, large-span horizontal isolation structures based on LRB, and corresponding non-isolation structures under multi-dimensional seismic excitation. The results show that compared with the horizontal isolation structure based on LRB, the structure of the new three-dimensional isolation system has a 33% longer vertical natural vibration period, a 17.85% attenuation in the overall damage index, and a 36.86% increase in vertical energy dissipation capacity. It can achieve good isolation effects in both horizontal and vertical directions, which can form a favorable complement to the horizontal isolation structure based on LRB in terms of vertical isolation and energy dissipation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Study on Seismic Performance of Building Structures)
Open AccessArticle
Identifying Vital Factors for Enhancing Safety Communication among Foreign Construction Field Workers
by
Jinwoo Kim, Saruul Ishdorj, Jungho Jeon and Jaeyoon Kim
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061714 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Enhancing safety communication within the construction industry is of paramount importance due to its potential in curtailing occupational injuries and improving the overall well-being of construction field workers. While the importance of improved communication is apparent, few studies have been focused on identifying
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Enhancing safety communication within the construction industry is of paramount importance due to its potential in curtailing occupational injuries and improving the overall well-being of construction field workers. While the importance of improved communication is apparent, few studies have been focused on identifying the factors that positively influence communication, particularly in the context of safety. Especially in the case of foreign construction field workers (FCFWs), who often face communication challenges stemming from language and cultural differences, performing labor tasks in harsh and constantly changing environments is contributing significantly to the increasing rate of industrial accidents. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the vital factors that impact safety communication among FCFWs. A phenomenological qualitative method was applied to determine the vital factors influencing the safety communication among FCFWs. On applying the analytical hierarchy process, the factors and their importance were determined, and the vital factors were identified. Quantitative assessment through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) established that extrinsic motivation (weight: 0.513), management communication style (0.264), and visible safety information (0.127) significantly overshadow other factors in safety communication effectiveness, validating their pivotal roles. However, a major limitation is that interview data were collected from workers of only four nationalities. Future studies should address this by expanding the range of nationalities included to enhance the diversity of experiences and perspectives from a broader variety of foreign construction field workers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Artificial Neural Network-Based Model for Assessing the Whole-Body Vibration of Vehicle Drivers
by
Antonio J. Aguilar, María L. de la Hoz-Torres, \({{\text M}^{\text a}}\) Dolores Martínez-Aires, Diego P. Ruiz, Pedro Arezes and Nélson Costa
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061713 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, which are epidemiologically related to exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV), are frequently self-reported by workers in the construction sector. Several activities during building construction and demolition expose workers to this physical agent. Directive 2002/44/CE defined a method of assessing WBV exposure
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Musculoskeletal disorders, which are epidemiologically related to exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV), are frequently self-reported by workers in the construction sector. Several activities during building construction and demolition expose workers to this physical agent. Directive 2002/44/CE defined a method of assessing WBV exposure that was limited to an eight-hour working day, and did not consider the cumulative and long-term effects on the health of drivers. This study aims to propose a methodology for generating individualised models for vehicle drivers exposed to WBV that are easy to implement by companies, to ensure that the health of workers is not compromised in the short or long term. A measurement campaign was conducted with a professional driver, and the collected data were used to formulate six artificial neural networks to predict the daily compressive dose on the lumbar spine and to assess the short- and long-term WBV exposure. Accurate results were obtained from the developed artificial neural network models, with R2 values above 0.90 for training, cross-validation, and testing. The approach proposed in this study offers a new tool that can be applied in the assessment of short- and long-term WBV to ensure that workers’ health is not compromised during their working life and subsequent retirement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
Open AccessArticle
A Comparative Analysis of Polynomial Regression and Artificial Neural Networks for Prediction of Lighting Consumption
by
Pavol Belany, Peter Hrabovsky, Stefan Sedivy, Nikola Cajova Kantova and Zuzana Florkova
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061712 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
This article presents a comparative analysis of two prominent machine learning techniques for predicting electricity consumption in workplace lighting systems: polynomial regression analysis and artificial neural networks. The primary objective is to assess their suitability and applicability for developing an accurate predictive model.
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This article presents a comparative analysis of two prominent machine learning techniques for predicting electricity consumption in workplace lighting systems: polynomial regression analysis and artificial neural networks. The primary objective is to assess their suitability and applicability for developing an accurate predictive model. After a brief overview of the current state of energy-saving techniques, the article examines several established models for predicting energy consumption in buildings and systems. These models include artificial neural networks, regression analysis and support vector machines. It then focuses on a practical comparison between polynomial regression analysis and an artificial neural network-based model. The article then looks at the data preparation process, outlining how the data is used within each model to establish appropriate prediction functions. Finally, it describes the methods used to evaluate the accuracy of the developed prediction functions. These functions allow the prediction of lighting consumption based on external lighting intensity. The article evaluates the accuracy of the developed prediction functions using the root mean square error, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination values. The article compares these values obtained for both models, allowing a conclusive assessment of which model provides superior accuracy in predicting lighting consumption based on external lighting intensity.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Load Identification in Steel Structural Systems Using Machine Learning Elements: Uniform Length Loads and Point Forces
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Alexander R. Tusnin, Anatoly V. Alekseytsev and Olga A. Tusnina
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061711 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Actual load identification is a most important task solved in the course of (1) engineering inspections of steel structures, (2) the design of systems rising or restoring the bearing capacity of damaged structural frames, and (3) structural health monitoring. Actual load values are
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Actual load identification is a most important task solved in the course of (1) engineering inspections of steel structures, (2) the design of systems rising or restoring the bearing capacity of damaged structural frames, and (3) structural health monitoring. Actual load values are used to determine the stress–strain state (SSS) of a structure and accomplish various engineering objectives. Load identification can involve some uncertainty and require soft computing techniques. Towards this end, the article presents an integrated method combining basic provisions of structural mechanics, machine learning, and artificial neural networks. This method involves decomposing structures into primitives, using machine learning data to make projections, and assembling structures to make final projections for steel frame structures subjected to elastic strain. Final projections serve to identify parameters of point forces and loads distributed along the length of rods. The process of identification means checking the difference between (1) weight coefficient matrices applied to unit loads and (2) actual loads standardized using maximum load values. Cases of neural network training and parameters identification are provided for simple beams. The aim of this research is to enhance the reliability and durability of steel structures by predicting consequences of unfavorable load, including emergency impacts. The novelty of this study lies in the co-use of artificial intelligence elements and structural mechanics methods to predict load parameters using actual displacement curves of structures. This novel approach will enable engineering inspection teams to predict unfavorable load peaks, prevent emergency situations, and identify actual causes of emergencies triggered by excessive loading.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Optimization of Building Structures—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Application and Research of BIM Technology in the Construction of Ningbo International Conference Center
by
Shaole Yu, Yujian Zhang, Wenying Zhang, Ligang Qi, Jianxun Yuan, Lianping Yang, Hao Cao, Yanpei Li, Hua Chen, Nianduo Wu, Enqin Hong, Xin Yu, Junjun Pan and Kun Zou
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061710 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Ningbo International Conference Center Project incorporates elements of Chinese traditional culture into its architectural style, resulting in the world’s first cantilever bridge international conference center. During the construction process, it faced challenges such as complex engineering geological environments and diverse architectural styles.
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The Ningbo International Conference Center Project incorporates elements of Chinese traditional culture into its architectural style, resulting in the world’s first cantilever bridge international conference center. During the construction process, it faced challenges such as complex engineering geological environments and diverse architectural styles. By harnessing building information modeling (BIM) technology, many challenges encompassing intricate environmental conditions, architectural structures, and construction complexities are effectively visualized in three dimensions, thereby offering viable solutions for engineering implementation. In the scheme design stage, BIM technology plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between design and construction, optimizing engineering pile and wall material designs. During the deepening design stage, BIM aids in refining designs through intricate node optimization for the ultralong comb type inclined water panel curtain wall and glued wood column decoration, thereby enhancing construction efficiency. Additionally, BIM technology has also played an important role in the simulation and scheme analysis of the entire construction process of complex steel structures. Through the implementation of BIM technology, numerous challenges encountered during the construction phase of the Ningbo International Conference Center project have been effectively resolved, which serves as a valuable reference for employing BIM technology in large-scale international conference center projects.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Technologies in Concrete Engineering)
Open AccessArticle
Improving the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixtures by Shape Memory Alloy Fibers and Silica Fume
by
Yuanyong Xie, Harry Far, Mina Mortazavi and Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061709 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Concrete, as one of the most widely applied materials in buildings, has high environmental impacts. Researchers are continually seeking solutions to mitigate these environmental issues while enhancing the mechanical strength and durability of concrete. However, there is a lack of studies on the
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Concrete, as one of the most widely applied materials in buildings, has high environmental impacts. Researchers are continually seeking solutions to mitigate these environmental issues while enhancing the mechanical strength and durability of concrete. However, there is a lack of studies on the effect of combining silica fume (SF) as pozzolanic materials and shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete. Moreover, there is very limited research on the influence of these materials on concrete mixtures after primary failure cracks using the secondary compressive strength test. In this research, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% SMA and 5, 7.5, and 10% SF were applied and then subjected to compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, secondary compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. According to the results, 10% SF is more economical, which increases the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength by 14%, 7%, and 10%, respectively. Also, using 0.3% SMA improves the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength by 2%, 5%, and 8%, respectively. Furthermore, SMA has the ability to reduce the secondary compressive strength compared to other samples, indicating the quality of this material in controlling stress after cracking. Finally, it was indicated that the combined use of these two materials increases the strength parameters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
Open AccessArticle
Effective Flange Width Based on Equivalence of Slab Crack Width at Hogging Moment Region of Composite Frame Beam
by
Mu-Xuan Tao, Ze-Bin Zou and Ji-Zhi Zhao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061708 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Steel–concrete composite structures have advantages in terms of strong bearing capacity and full utilisation of performance, and thus, composite frame beams are widely used in building construction. However, in the design and use of existing composite frame beams, the composite effect of a
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Steel–concrete composite structures have advantages in terms of strong bearing capacity and full utilisation of performance, and thus, composite frame beams are widely used in building construction. However, in the design and use of existing composite frame beams, the composite effect of a slab and steel beam cannot be completely taken into account. In this study, the effective flange width method is utilised to calculate the contribution of the slab reinforcement to the section moment of inertia to check the beam-end crack width via simulations using the general finite-element software MSC.MARC 2020. A parameter sensitivity analysis of the reinforcement tensile stress is conducted to determine critical influential geometric parameters for the side-column and centre-column hogging moment regions. Finally, design formulae for calculating the effective flange widths of the side- and centre-column hogging moment regions are proposed. In the formula for the side-column hogging moment region, the half column width ( ) and steel-beam height ( ) are critical variables, whereas, in the formula for the centre-column hogging moment region, the steel-beam height ( ), slab width ( ), and half clear-span length ( ) are critical variables. Both formulas are verified via a multiparameter simulation, which enables more accurate crack-checking calculations for the hogging moment region in the serviceability limit state. This study provides an important reference for fine finite-element simulations of serviceability limit states and shows the factors affecting the effective flange width that differ from those in the ultimate limit state.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)
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Analysis of Gender Diversity Initiatives to Empower Women in the Australian Construction Industry
by
Diya Yan, Riza Yosia Sunindijo and Cynthia Changxin Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061707 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Organizations play an essential role in fostering a diverse and inclusive work environment. Despite attempts to encourage gender diversity in the workplace, the construction industry in Australia remains one of the most male-dominated industries. Existing research tends to focus on identifying barriers to
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Organizations play an essential role in fostering a diverse and inclusive work environment. Despite attempts to encourage gender diversity in the workplace, the construction industry in Australia remains one of the most male-dominated industries. Existing research tends to focus on identifying barriers to gender equality and women’s career development, with limited exploration of organizations’ current initiative implementation. To fill this research gap, this study aims to examine how organizations implement initiatives affecting gender equality and women’s career development in the Australian construction industry. This study applied the women’s empowerment framework and conducted a thematic analysis of diversity, inclusion, and equality policies, strategies, action plans, corporate reports, annual reports, and websites within the context of gender equality and women’s career development in construction companies. Through a comprehensive analysis, the study identifies prevalent practices and initiatives related to gender equality initiatives in the construction industry, synthesizing them into six themes: flexible working arrangements, inclusive and anti-discriminatory culture, promoting career development, recruitment, and promotion, shared caring responsibility, and strategic commitments. The findings also revealed areas for improvement, giving recommendations on how to further empower women in the construction industry through enhanced gender diversity initiatives. This study sheds light on the current state of gender diversity and inclusion efforts within construction companies and provides practical recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and organizational leaders who seek to foster more inclusive and equitable work environments.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Women in Buildings)
Open AccessArticle
Study on Strong Earthquake Failure of Single-Layer Spherical Reticulated Shell Structures with Central Suspended Equipment
by
Wenliang Li and Xudong Zhi
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061706 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
In recent years, there have been more and more engineering examples of installing giant suspended equipment (e.g., central suspended LED display) in large-span space structures; however, there are fewer studies on the seismic response and strong-seismic failure process of large-span space structures after
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In recent years, there have been more and more engineering examples of installing giant suspended equipment (e.g., central suspended LED display) in large-span space structures; however, there are fewer studies on the seismic response and strong-seismic failure process of large-span space structures after the addition of central suspended equipment. In this paper, changes in the nodal displacements of the reticulated shell structure before and after the addition of the central suspended equipment, the proportion and distribution characteristics of the plastic shell members, and the strong seismic deformation of the reticulated shell structures are taken as indexes under the different ground motions. This paper analyses the influence characteristics of the suspended equipment on the seismic response of Kiewitt K-8 single-layer spherical reticulated shell structures and reveals the influence laws of suspended equipment with different masses on the displacement of mounting nodes and the nodes in other rings in the reticulated shell structure. Based on the plastic degree development analysis of the structures under strong ground motion, the paper analyses the failure mechanism of the reticulated shell structures with central suspended equipment and summarizes two typical failure modes. The paper analyses the influence laws and characteristics of different factors (span, rise-to-span ratio, different seismic loads and the length of suspended cables) on the seismic response of the reticulated shell structures with central suspended equipment.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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Selection and Layout Optimization of Double Tower Cranes
by
Yan Fu, Jiarui Bu, Jingjun Lin, Jun Liu and Chunli Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061705 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
As the scale of construction expanded and the number of prefabricated buildings increased, a single tower crane could no longer meet the construction requirements, necessitating the simultaneous operation of more tower cranes to improve construction efficiency. To optimize the efficiency and cost of
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As the scale of construction expanded and the number of prefabricated buildings increased, a single tower crane could no longer meet the construction requirements, necessitating the simultaneous operation of more tower cranes to improve construction efficiency. To optimize the efficiency and cost of lifting prefabricated concrete components and address the selection and layout optimization of dual tower cranes, this paper proposed a double tower crane selection and positioning optimization model that integrated feasible layout area solving and optimization based on different objectives. By analyzing the mathematical relationship between the layout positions of the tower cranes and the positions of the prefabricated component storage yard and installation sites, a mathematical model for the feasible layout area of double tower cranes was established and solved using a genetic algorithm. On this basis, optimization models were established with the objectives of minimizing cost, achieving the shortest total lifting time, and achieving the maximum value coefficient, and they were solved using a genetic algorithm. The model was verified and analyzed through a case study. The research results indicated that the double tower crane selection scheme could achieve more than twice the lifting efficiency of the same model single tower crane. When the total lifting time was similar, choosing based on the principles of value engineering could yield the optimal solution with lower costs. These research findings provided a reference for the selection of tower crane schemes and the cost reduction and efficiency improvement of on-site prefabricated concrete component lifting construction.
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(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Open AccessArticle
Life-Cycle Assessment of Lightweight Partitions in Residential Buildings
by
Svetlana Pushkar
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1704; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061704 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of service conditions on lightweight partitions in residential buildingsusing life-cycle assessments (LCAs). Three alternative service conditions were included as follows: light/moderate, standard, and intensive. LCAs were conducted for pairwise comparisons among three types
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of service conditions on lightweight partitions in residential buildingsusing life-cycle assessments (LCAs). Three alternative service conditions were included as follows: light/moderate, standard, and intensive. LCAs were conducted for pairwise comparisons among three types of lightweight partitions: gypsum board, autoclaved aerated blocks, and hollow concrete blocks. The functional unit considered was 1 m2 of a partition, and the building’s lifespan was 50 years. In light/moderate conditions, the replacement rate for all three partitions was zero times during the building’s lifespan. In standard conditions, the replacement rate for gypsum board and autoclaved aerated blocks was one time during the building’s lifespan, and for hollow concrete blocks, it was zero times. In intensive conditions, the replacement rate for gypsum board was four times during the building’s lifespan, that for autoclaved aerated blocks was two times, and that for hollow concrete blocks was zero times. The six ReCiPe2016 methodological options were used to estimate environmental damage using a two-stage nested analysis of variance. The results showed that, in light/moderate and standard conditions, gypsum board was the best alternative, while in intensive conditions, hollow concrete blocks were the best alternative. In conclusion, the choice of lightweight partitions should be made while taking the service conditions in residential buildings into account.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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Open AccessReview
Sustainable Construction with Cattail Fibers in Imbabura, Ecuador: Physical and Mechanical Properties, Research, and Applications
by
Oscar Jara-Vinueza, Wilson Pavon and Abel Remache
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061703 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study is dedicated to advancing practical and experimental knowledge within sustainable construction and enhancing community productivity, focusing on cattail schoenoplectus californicus, Cyperaceae fibers in Imbabura, Ecuador. The research aims to meticulously analyze and understand cattail fibers’ physical and mechanical properties, characteristics, and
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This study is dedicated to advancing practical and experimental knowledge within sustainable construction and enhancing community productivity, focusing on cattail schoenoplectus californicus, Cyperaceae fibers in Imbabura, Ecuador. The research aims to meticulously analyze and understand cattail fibers’ physical and mechanical properties, characteristics, and potential applications through extensive laboratory testing. The study strives to contribute significantly to the ongoing discussions surrounding sustainable building materials by offering a rich repository of scientific data and insights from our in-depth investigations. Furthermore, we delve into biotechnology and biomimicry, seeking inspiration from the natural world to innovate our construction methodologies. Our exploration also encompasses the technical dimensions of a building, artisanal craftsmanship, eco-conscious design principles, and the evaluation of seismic strength within architectural, structural, and acoustical design frameworks. Through this comprehensive approach, we aspire to illuminate new pathways for employing cattail in sustainable construction practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The State-of-the-Art Technologies for Zero-Energy Buildings)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Train-Induced Vibration Transmission and Distribution Characteristics in Double-Layer Metro Depot
by
Xinwei Luo, Xuan Jiang, Qingsong Feng, Wenlin Hu, Qinming Tu and Yanming Chen
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061702 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
When urban subway trains run in the depot, they can cause vibration and noise, which affects the safety and reliability of the structure under the track, and these transmits to the over-track buildings and often trouble passengers and staff. This paper established a
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When urban subway trains run in the depot, they can cause vibration and noise, which affects the safety and reliability of the structure under the track, and these transmits to the over-track buildings and often trouble passengers and staff. This paper established a coupling model of a track–metro depot–over-track building based on the structural finite element method and analyzed vibration response and then summarized the vibration transmission and distribution characteristics as the speed changes. The results show that, at train speeds of 20 km/h and 5 km/h, the Z-vibration level difference between the two at the rail is nearly 20 dB, and the vibration can be reduced by 17.9% at most. The difference between the two on the 9 m platform is 6–8 dB and 5–14 dB on the 16 m platform, and the vibration can be reduced by 17.7% at most. The difference between the two in the over-track building is 3–11 dB, and the vibration can be reduced by 13.0% at most. The vibration has the highest energy within a range of 2 m radiating from the center of the line, reaching a maximum of 118.5 dB. The vibration shows a ring-shaped distribution, and the ring-shaped distribution is more pronounced as the train speed increases. In the horizontal direction of the track line, the vibration energy distribution is within a range of −4 m to 11.5 m from the track line. In the longitudinal direction of the track line, the ring-shaped distribution of vibration energy exhibits a periodic pattern. The results provide a reference for the vibration control of the over-track buildings.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Vibration and Soil Dynamics)
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Open AccessArticle
Shear Performance and Damage Characterization of Prefabricated Basalt Fiber Reactive Powder Concrete Capping Beam Formwork Structure
by
Yafeng Gong, Shuzheng Wu, Changyuan Ning, Xinpeng Hu, Zhongqiang Yi and Hongchi Du
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061701 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Basalt Fiber Reactive Powder Concrete (BFRPC) semi-prefabricated composite capping beam structures can effectively improve the shortcomings of ordinary concrete capping beams' construction difficulties and insufficient bearing capacity. In this study, with the objective of analyzing the shear damage and damage characteristics of a
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Basalt Fiber Reactive Powder Concrete (BFRPC) semi-prefabricated composite capping beam structures can effectively improve the shortcomings of ordinary concrete capping beams' construction difficulties and insufficient bearing capacity. In this study, with the objective of analyzing the shear damage and damage characteristics of a prefabricated BFRPC capping beam formwork, structural damage tests under different levels of loading were carried out to obtain the mechanical parameters of key nodes. Acoustic emission (AE) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques were used to acoustically and visually characterize the formwork damage. The research results showed that the damage stage of the capping beam formwork was divided, and an early damage warning method was proposed based on the acoustic parameters. Using the DIC technique to identify the crack width evolution pattern during the shear process, it was found that the cracks expanded steadily as the load increased. Combining the experimental and simulation results as well as the Subdivision Superposition Theory, a half-open stirrup strength discount factor was introduced and suggested to take a value of 0.79. The formula for calculating the shear capacity of BFRPC capping beam formwork is proposed to provide a theoretical basis for its application in prefabricated assembled structures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research Progress of UHPC in Structural Engineering)
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In Situ Testing and FEM Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of a Masonry Pagoda under Natural Excitation
by
Jiaxing Hu, Ji Zhou, Shilong Wang, Ming Sun, Hui Chen and Xiaowu Li
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061700 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Ancient masonry pagodas hold significant scientific, historical, and cultural importance. However, due to the complexity of masonry materials, structures, and boundary conditions, establishing finite element static and dynamic models for ancient masonry pagodas is highly challenging. This study aimed to explore the dynamic
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Ancient masonry pagodas hold significant scientific, historical, and cultural importance. However, due to the complexity of masonry materials, structures, and boundary conditions, establishing finite element static and dynamic models for ancient masonry pagodas is highly challenging. This study aimed to explore the dynamic characteristics and finite element numerical simulation methods of ancient masonry pagodas in Yongzhou, Hunan province. It focused on the Huilong Pagoda in Yongzhou, where in situ test experiments under natural excitation are conducted. The SSI and NExT-ERA methods were employed to determine the ancient pagoda’s natural frequencies, vibration patterns, and damping ratios, and to validate the NExT-ERA method. The macroscopic numerical model of the Huilong Pagoda was calibrated using measured results. Subsequently, the NExT-ERA identification results were compared and analyzed with the numerical simulation results of the dynamic characteristics. The results indicate that the first three orders of natural frequencies for the ancient pagoda in the east–west direction are 1.937 Hz, 6.802 Hz, and 21.361 Hz, respectively. Similarly, the first three orders of natural frequencies in the north–south direction are 1.935 Hz, 7.439 Hz, and 21.398 Hz. The results obtained from both methods revealed that the overall structural damping ratio ranges from 0.21% to 2.89%. The numerical model was analyzed using ANSYS, and the first three orders of natural frequencies obtained were highly consistent with the measured values, exhibiting a maximum relative error of 8.54%. The numerical simulation method developed in this study can effectively simulate masonry pagodas.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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Investigation of the Long-Term Performance of Waste Backfill Materials of High Thermal Conductivity in Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers
by
Ruichun Wu, Panpan Chen, Xinye Liu, Haiqiang Xu, Guozhu Zhang and Ankang Chen
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061699 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Backfill material used as a heat-transfer medium in boreholes of ground heat exchangers (GHEs) has a great influence on heat-transfer efficiency. Abandoned waste material causing environmental pollution has become a key issue around the world. To make full use of solid waste, backfill
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Backfill material used as a heat-transfer medium in boreholes of ground heat exchangers (GHEs) has a great influence on heat-transfer efficiency. Abandoned waste material causing environmental pollution has become a key issue around the world. To make full use of solid waste, backfill material made of waste fly ash in combination with graphite of high thermal conductivity was proposed. First, the thermal properties of cement/fly ash blended with different mass ratio of graphite were tested through laboratory tests. Then, a numerical model was established, in which the accuracy was validated based on a field test. Finally, an investigation of the long-term performance (over a period of 90 days) for four boreholes backfilled with natural sand, cement/fly ash, and cement/fly ash combined with different proportions of graphite was conducted through this numerical model, and the heat-transfer rates under constant inlet temperature in four boreholes decreased from 13.31, 44.97, 45.95, and 46.73 W/m to 14.18, 14.96, 15.66, and 16.19 W/m after the 90-day operation. Considering the influence of groundwater seepage, the horizontal groundwater flow had a positive impact, improving the long-term heat-transfer performance. The heat-transfer rates of four testing boreholes decreased from 44.46, 46.38, 47.22, and 47.68 W/m to 21.18, 21.93, 22.62, and 23.13 W/m. However, long-term groundwater seepage in a vertical direction caused a sharp decrease in the heat-transfer rate, and the values after 90 days were 10.44, 10.62, 10.78, and 10.81 W/m, which were the lowest of all the working conditions. The feasibility of using fly ash blended with graphite as backfill material was further validated through a comprehensive perspective, including indoor laboratory, field testing, and numerical simulation, which has rarely been conducted in previous research.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Green and Low-Carbon Buildings)
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Perceptual Evaluation of Street Quality in Underdeveloped Ethnic Areas: A Random Forest Method Combined with Human–Machine Confrontation Framework Provides Insights for Improved Urban Planning—A Case Study of Lhasa City
by
Chong Liu, Yang Yu and Xian Yang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061698 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The utilization of street view big data is increasingly being used to uncover visual characteristics and spatial perceptions of urban streets. However, there is a lack of studies that combine street view big data for perceptual evaluation in underdeveloped ethnic areas and better
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The utilization of street view big data is increasingly being used to uncover visual characteristics and spatial perceptions of urban streets. However, there is a lack of studies that combine street view big data for perceptual evaluation in underdeveloped ethnic areas and better street quality. This study integrates deep learning methods to create a human–computer confrontational model for perception score, with a focus on the central city of Lhasa in Tibet. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on six dimensions of perception data (beautiful, wealthy, safe, lively, boring and depressing) and visual elements. The streets in the top 20% for both visual elements and perceptual scores were identified to reveal areas with high visual element proportions and high perceptual scores. The spatial distribution characteristics and correlation between visual elements and street perceptions were thoroughly analyzed. The findings of this study reveal that the central city of Lhasa exhibited high percentages of visual elements in buildings (88.23%), vegetation (89.52%), and poles (3.14%). Out of the six perceptions examined, the highest scores were for boring (69.70) and depressing (67.76) perceptions, followed by beautiful (60.66) and wealthy (59.91) perceptions, with lively (56.68) and safe (50.64) perceptions receiving the lowest scores. Visual components like roads (−0.094), sidewalks (−0.031), fences (−0.036), terrain (−0.020), sky (−0.098), cars (−0.016), and poles (−0.075) were observed to have a significant deterring effect on the boring perception, while other visual elements showed a positive influence. This investigation seeks to provide valuable insights for the design and advancement of urban streets in marginalized ethnic localities, addressing a void in perception research of urban streets in such areas.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Urban and Regional Planning)
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Design Parameters Affecting Energy Consumption of University Educational Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Area of China
by
Yiming Song, Jiaqi Liu and Wang Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061697 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
The number of colleges and universities in China has been increasing year by year. University buildings have tremendous energy-saving potential due to their high personnel density and energy consumption demand. However, there is a lack of research and regulations focusing on such buildings
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The number of colleges and universities in China has been increasing year by year. University buildings have tremendous energy-saving potential due to their high personnel density and energy consumption demand. However, there is a lack of research and regulations focusing on such buildings and taking functional requirements, operating patterns, and climate conditions into account. In the HSCW zone of China, the overlap of energy consumption peak and universities’ winter and summer vacations will lead to improper or excessive implementation of energy-saving measures in practice. This research study on a university teaching building in Shanghai simulated the energy consumption with EnergyPlus (Version 22.1.0) to compare the variation trend of the building’s energy consumption (heating, cooling and annual energy consumption) under different design parameter settings. The influence of orientation and window–wall ratio on the energy consumption intensity of classrooms of various sizes was analyzed, and design strategies were proposed. The research indicates that the annual energy consumption of educational buildings in hot summer and cold winter areas can be reduced by approximately 44.4% during vacations. However, cooling energy consumption remains 18.0–19.4% greater than heating energy consumption. The energy intensity of classrooms decreases as the space size increases. Medium-sized classrooms, with an energy intensity ranging from 44.2–47.6 kWh/m2, require priority in energy-efficient design owing to their considerable quantity and high utilization. The findings offer design suggestions for the optimal orientation and window-to-wall ratios of classrooms of different scales, which can be used as a reference for the design of university teaching buildings and the energy-saving retrofit of existing campus buildings.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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