Journal Description
Forests
Forests
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on forestry and forest ecology published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, GEOBASE, PubAg, AGRIS, PaperChem, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Forestry) / CiteScore - Q1 (Forestry)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Forests.
Impact Factor:
2.9 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
What Drives the Spatial Variation of Interregional Ancient Trees? A Geoinformatics–Based Approach in Henan, Central China
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061010 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the context of ecological civilization construction in China, interregional ancient trees are important natural and cultural resources, and it is vital that they are effectively protected and utilized according to their spatial distribution and regional conditions in order to provide a balance
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In the context of ecological civilization construction in China, interregional ancient trees are important natural and cultural resources, and it is vital that they are effectively protected and utilized according to their spatial distribution and regional conditions in order to provide a balance between local economic development and the ecological environment. This article analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of 26,842 ancient trees and explores the underlying natural and human factors by using geoinformatics–based techniques (i.e., the nearest neighbor index, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation, and the geographically weighted regression model) in Henan Province, Central China. The research findings conclude that: (1) The interregional ancient trees show positive spatial autocorrelation, and the aggregation effect in Western Henan is the most significant. (2) The growing environment and elevation exert a more obvious influence on the spatial pattern of interregional ancient trees. (3) The main influencing factors per region are different, for example, historical culture in Western Henan, water source and elevation in Southern Henan, and the growing environment in Eastern Henan, while ancient trees in Northern Henan have a weak relationship with each factor. This research facilitates political strategy making for sustainable development and the protection of interregional ancient trees.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Homogenization of the Color of Beech Sapwood and False Heartwood by the Steaming Process
by
Ladislav Dzurenda and Michal Dudiak
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061009 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
This work presents the results of the homogenization of the color of sapwood and false heartwood Fagus sylvatica L. into a uniform color shade due to the influence of the temperature of saturated moist air and saturated water steam in individual steaming modes.
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This work presents the results of the homogenization of the color of sapwood and false heartwood Fagus sylvatica L. into a uniform color shade due to the influence of the temperature of saturated moist air and saturated water steam in individual steaming modes. The results of analyses of the influence of temperature within 24 h point out the different changes in the color of the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood when the uniform color of the beech wood is achieved by the steaming process. By steaming beech wood with a false heartwood saturated with moist air at a temperature of tI = 95 °C during τ = 24 h, the color of the sapwood does not merge with the color of the wood of the false heartwood. The sapwood darkens and, on the other hand, the wood of the false heartwood slightly lightens, while the significant color contrast is removed, but the color homogenization in the individual zones does not occur. The unification of the colors in individual zones occurs during the steaming process at a temperature of saturated water steam tII ≈ 105 °C in 18 h, where the resulting brown color is identified in the color space CIE L*a*b* by the values of the lightness L* = 61.3 ± 2.2 and of the red color a* = 12.4 ± 1.3 and yellow color b* = 19.5 ± 1.4. The most pronounced homogenization of the color occurs through the steaming process at a temperature of saturated water steam tIII ≈ 120 °C, where the wood acquires a uniform dark brown–gray color in a time of τ ≈ 9 h steaming. The coordinates of the color-homogenized steamed beech wood are L* = 55.9 ± 1.9, a* = 12.3 ± 1.2, and b* = 19.6 ± 1.3. The unification of the colors by the steaming process is achieved by darkening both the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood. In the overall color homogenization, the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood do not participate equally in the steaming process. While the total color difference between the sapwood and a color homogenized state is quantified by the value ∆EtI* = 8, ∆EtIII* = 22.7, the total color difference in the wood with a false heartwood is only ∆EtI* = 1.9, ∆EtIII* = 11.8.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenomenon of Wood Colour)
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Open AccessArticle
Phylogenetic Diversity, Host Specificity, and Distribution of the Wood-Decaying Fungus Phellinotus teixeirae in Western Colombia’s Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest
by
Ana C. Bolaños-Rojas, Jorge M. Londoño-Caicedo, Andrés J. Cortés and Viviana Motato-Vásquez
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061008 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Phellinotus (Polyporales) is a common genus of wood-decay fungi in tropical and subtropical areas, endemic to the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) biome. However, Phellinotus diversity remains unexplored, despite being a major threat to living trees. Therefore, this study is aimed at confirming
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Phellinotus (Polyporales) is a common genus of wood-decay fungi in tropical and subtropical areas, endemic to the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) biome. However, Phellinotus diversity remains unexplored, despite being a major threat to living trees. Therefore, this study is aimed at confirming and characterizing through morphological and molecular data the first isolates of Phellinotus teixeirae in Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae) trees (locally referred to as ‘Chiminango’) from the endangered Colombian SDTF biome. Fifteen fungal specimens were recovered from living P. dulce trees, in the urban area and at the Universidad del Valle campus, and classified as P. teixeirae based on taxonomical descriptors. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from a four-loci dataset (ribosomal and gene-coding regions), including 82 taxa covering 3991 nucleotide positions. The analysis recovered seven highly supported (>90% bootstrapping) monophyletic taxa of the ‘Phellinotus Clade’, and confirmed the new distribution range of P. teixeirae (100% bootstrap support), which extends approx. 1000 km north in the Neotropics. Hierarchical stratified Analysis of MOlecular VAriance (AMOVA) provided a clear genetic distinction between species (70% of variation, p-value = 0.001) and low differentiation among country of origin within species (11%, p-value = 0.044). Discriminant Analysis for Principal Components (DAPC) indicated complex clustering including closely related species, probably a signal of recent radiation and weak species boundaries. Median-joining haplotype network analysis identified unique haplotypes, which may correlate with new host colonization and population expansion (Tajima’s D ≤ −0.5). In conclusion, this study provides the first assessment of the genetic diversity of P. teixeirae in a novel geography (SDTP) and host tree (P. dulce). However, increasing the number of isolates remains critical to understand further the genus’ distribution patterns and drivers of genetic diversity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Abundance, and Distribution of Wood-Decay Fungi)
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Differentiation in Leaf Functional Traits and Driving Factors of the Allopatric Distribution of Tetraploid and Octaploid Buddleja macrostachya in the Sino-Himalayan Region
by
Weichang Gong, He Li, Hongbo Fu and Chuanming Wang
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061007 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Leaf functional traits reflect species’ adaptive strategies and habitat requirements. Examining intra-specific variations and their underlying drivers can aid in comprehending species differentiation and adaptation. Here, we investigated the leaf functional traits of Buddleja macrostachya tetraploids and octaploids across 18 sites in the
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Leaf functional traits reflect species’ adaptive strategies and habitat requirements. Examining intra-specific variations and their underlying drivers can aid in comprehending species differentiation and adaptation. Here, we investigated the leaf functional traits of Buddleja macrostachya tetraploids and octaploids across 18 sites in the Sino-Himalayan region. The habitat environmental variables were also recorded. In this study, leaf functional traits showed a considerable differentiation in both tetraploid and octaploid B. macrostachya. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the octaploid cytotypes displayed higher specific leaf area, leaf total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, water-use efficiency, and light-use efficiency in contrast to the tetraploid plants. These functional leaf traits exhibited different plasticity levels in both taxa. A positive link was found between habitat altitude and soil total P concentration and the geographic distribution of the B. macrostachya complex, using RDA and Pearson’s correlation. Our findings suggest that both tetraploid and octaploid B. macrostachya exhibited divergent ecological strategies, conservative and acquisitive strategies, respectively. The ecological adaptability of species within the B. macrostachya complex is enhanced by the combination of divergent ecological strategies and high phenotypic plasticity of distinct key ecological traits. Furthermore, abiotic environmental factors influenced the allopatric geographic distribution pattern of the B. macrostachya complex in the Sino-Himalayan region.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluating the Ecological Restoration Effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation Relocation through Carbon Storage Analysis: Insights from Karst Regions
by
Qing Feng, Zhongfa Zhou, Quan Chen, Changli Zhu and Lu Zhang
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061006 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The Poverty Alleviation Relocation (PAR) policy is widely regarded as an effective approach for breaking the cycle of ecological vulnerability and poverty. However, quantitative research on the ecological restoration effectiveness of PAR lacks sufficient experimental data support. This study focuses on the karst
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The Poverty Alleviation Relocation (PAR) policy is widely regarded as an effective approach for breaking the cycle of ecological vulnerability and poverty. However, quantitative research on the ecological restoration effectiveness of PAR lacks sufficient experimental data support. This study focuses on the karst region and employs analysis methods such as volume-derived biomass and correlation analysis to evaluate the impact of PAR on carbon storage in forest ecosystems using on-site experimental data. The objective is to enhance and broaden the research framework for assessing PAR’s ecological restoration effectiveness. The findings reveal that, compared to the pre-PAR implementation period in 2015, the study area experienced an 8.16% increase in forest land area and a 6.57% increase in carbon storage after six years of PAR implementation in 2021. Following PAR implementation, carbon storage in the stone desertification area surged by 14.31%, indicating a significant correlation between PAR households and carbon storage variables. In the karst area, carbon storage increased by 4.34%, exhibiting a significant correlation between the two variables. Conversely, in the non-karst area, carbon storage rose by 5.01%, but no significant correlation was observed between the variables. Furthermore, post-PAR implementation, there is a discernible trend of stronger carbon storage enhancement with increasing distance from the relocated PAR households.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Ecosystem Services and Landscape Design - Series II)
Open AccessArticle
Chemical and Microbial Differences of Root and Rhizosphere Soil among Different Provenances of Fokienia hodginsii
by
Hao−Lan Liu, Tengfei Zhu, Xinyi Wen, Qing Zhao, Yao Chen, Yun−Zi Wang, Jian Li and Shunde Su
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061005 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Aims: Fokienia hodginsii is a threatened conifer tree species, known as the dominant nursery-grown species capable of colonizing the challenging woodland environments in southern China due to its strong root penetrating ability. The ecological phenotype of Fokienia hodginsii is not well documented during
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Aims: Fokienia hodginsii is a threatened conifer tree species, known as the dominant nursery-grown species capable of colonizing the challenging woodland environments in southern China due to its strong root penetrating ability. The ecological phenotype of Fokienia hodginsii is not well documented during its breeding process, which limits the potential planting area and its ecological function. This study aims to understand how Fokienia hodginsii associates with microbes to conduct its key ecological function and provide a theoretical basis for further improving the forest nursery management of Fokienia hodginsii. Methods: This study explored the ecological traits of 11 main Fokienia hodginsii provenances in a homogeneous garden experiment by analyzing their nutrient utilization strategies and associated microbial features in the rhizosphere soil and roots. Results: The study found that the paramount difference in the rhizosphere soil among provenances is in Ca and Fe content. Some microbial communities, namely Crenarchaeota, Verrucomicrobiota, and Desulfobacterota, were positively correlated with the amounts of the soil nutrient elements, whereas Abditibacteriota and Dependentiae were negatively correlated. The abundance of N- and Fe-related bacteria in the Fu Jian Chang Ting (FJCT) provenance was significantly higher than that in other provenances, while the C-, P-, K-, and Mg-related fungal communities, respectively, had higher abundances in the FJCT, Fu Jian Long Yan (FJLY), Fu Jian Gu Tian (FJGT), and Fu Jian Xian You (FJXY) provenances than the others. The impacts of the Gui Zhou Li Ping (GZLP), Hu Nan Dao Xian (HNDX), Jiang Xi Shang Yao (JXSY), and Guang Dong Shi Xing (GDSX) provenances on the rhizosphere soil are similar, but the differences in nutrient utilization arise from the plant itself. Conversely, the root nutrient contents of the FJCT, Fu Jian You Xi (FJYX), Fu Jian An Xi (FJAX), FJLY, Fu Jian De Hua (FJDH), FJGT, and FJXY provenances are highly correlated with soil nutrient features. Conclusions: For the native provenances, their economic traits are better than the exotic provenances. The native provenances are more sensitive to local soil conditions, so they should benefit more from human interventions, rendering them more suitable for artificial cultivation. The growth of the exotic provenances is less affected by the soil environment, making them better suited for the ecological transformation of forest stands and soil improvement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Organic Matter and Soil Multifunctionality in Forest Ecosystems)
Open AccessArticle
The Growth and Non-Structural Carbohydrate Response Patterns of Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) under Salt Stress with Different Intensities and Durations
by
Peipei Jiang, Cheng Yang, Xuejie Zhang, Boqiang Tong, Xiaoman Xie, Xianzhong Li and Shoujin Fan
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061004 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that limits plant growth and production. However, the response patterns of plant growth and carbon metabolism to salt stress are still unclear. (2) Methods: We measured the relative growth rate, non-structural carbohydrate
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(1) Background: Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that limits plant growth and production. However, the response patterns of plant growth and carbon metabolism to salt stress are still unclear. (2) Methods: We measured the relative growth rate, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations and pool size across organs, the leaf mass area (LMA), root-to-shoot ratio, midday leaf water potential (Ψmd), and photosynthetic characteristics of elm seedlings planted in the field under different salt stress intensities and durations. (3) Results: Salt stress can reduce the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and Ψmd and inhibit the growth of elm species. LMA increased with the degree and duration of salt stress, indicating an increase in leaf carbon investment to resist salt stress. The root-to-shoot ratio decreased under salt stress to reduce salt absorption by the roots. In the early stage of stress, the concentrations of starch and total NSCs in all organs increased to improve stress resistance and the survival of plants. In the late stage of stress, the concentration of NSCs in the root decreased, which could restrict root growth and water uptake. The relationships between NSC concentration and growth in different organs were contrasting. Meanwhile, the pool size of NSCs had a more significant impact on growth than their concentration. Moreover, the pool size of NSCs in below-ground organs is more closely related to growth than that of above-ground organs. (4) Conclusions: Our research elucidates the carbon allocation mechanism across organs under different salt stress intensities and durations, providing theoretical support for understanding the relationship between tree growth and carbon storage under salt stress.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of the Functional Connectivity between the Mangomarca Fog Oasis and the Adjacent Urban Area Using Landscape Graphs
by
Pedro Amaya, Violeta Vega, Doris Esenarro, Oscar Cuya and Vanessa Raymundo
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061003 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The present research aimed to measure the degree of connectivity and create a map of the ecological connectivity that highlights the real or potential presence of green, ecological, or ecotourism circuits integrating the green infrastructure of San Juan de Lurigancho and the Mangomarca
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The present research aimed to measure the degree of connectivity and create a map of the ecological connectivity that highlights the real or potential presence of green, ecological, or ecotourism circuits integrating the green infrastructure of San Juan de Lurigancho and the Mangomarca hills using graph theory applications implemented in the Graphab 2.8 software. Mangomarca and Huiracocha Park were selected for this study. In terms of the methodology, a simple approach based on landscape metrics, which are easy to interpret, was proposed to measure the connectivity of the mosaic of patches in the designated area. The IndiFrag software was used to obtain landscape metrics for the structural connectivity analysis. The Graphab software was employed for the functional connectivity analysis. Both tools proved effective in identifying vegetation gaps or the intensity of the greenery. Landsat 8 images from 8 July 2021 and 4 October 2021 were selected for this research due to the lower amount of cloud cover. Concerning the structural connectivity, the TMCl (patch size), NobCl (number of patches), and PerimCl (perimeter) metrics were effective in distinguishing the mosaic of urban landscape patches from the hill landscape. These indices confirm that the urban landscape patches have a higher number of fragments but are smaller in size compared to the hill landscape. Regarding the functional connectivity, it is evident that the patches are connected at lower-cost distances, averaging 7 cost units (210 m) during the wet season and 23 cost units (410 m) during the less humid season. However, these distances are too extensive and do not form ecological corridors. A survey of the population’s perception of the maximum separation distances between patches of vegetation cover that could still be considered a green corridor was included. The results indicate that a third of the sample (36%) prefer to walk down a hallway with a maximum separation distance of 10 m, while almost two-thirds (68%) would prefer a maximum separation distance of 50 m. Therefore, city planning should consider actions to reduce these distances and enable ecological connectivity in the area. It is recommended to continue researching the functional connectivity and determining the green corridors in the city to establish monitoring guidelines for the ecological connectivity of the city.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Ecology and Resource Monitoring Based on Sensors, Signal and Image Processing)
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Open AccessArticle
Rethinking Productivity Evaluation in Precision Forestry through Dominant Height and Site Index Measurements Using Aerial Laser Scanning LiDAR Data
by
Iván Raigosa-García, Leah C. Rathbun, Rachel L. Cook, Justin S. Baker, Mark V. Corrao and Matthew J. Sumnall
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061002 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Optimizing forest plantation management has become imperative due to increasing forest product demand, higher fertilization and management costs, declining land availability, increased competition for land use, and the growing demands for carbon sequestration. Precision forestry refers to the ability to use data acquired
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Optimizing forest plantation management has become imperative due to increasing forest product demand, higher fertilization and management costs, declining land availability, increased competition for land use, and the growing demands for carbon sequestration. Precision forestry refers to the ability to use data acquired with technology to support the forest management decision-making process. LiDAR can be used to assess forest metrics such as tree height, topographical position, soil surface attributes, and their combined effects on individual tree growth. LiDAR opens the door to precision silviculture applied at the tree level and can inform precise treatments such as fertilization, thinning, and herbicide application for individual trees. This study uses ALS LiDAR and other ancillary data to assess the effect of scale (i.e., stand, soil type, and microtopography) on dominant height and site index measures within loblolly pine plantations across the southeastern United States. This study shows differences in dominant height and site index across soil types, with even greater differences observed when the interactions of microtopography were considered. These results highlight how precision forestry may provide a unique opportunity for assessing soil and microtopographic information to optimize resource allocation and forest management at an individual tree scale in a scarce higher-priced fertilizer scenario.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue LiDAR Remote Sensing for Forestry)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on the Structure, Competition, and Succession of Abies ziyuanensis Communities
by
Huacong Zhang, Yueqiao Li, Keqin Xu, Longhua Yu, Ping He, Suping Zeng, Yunxia Song, Ren Liu and Yun Sun
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061001 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Attention to habitat dynamics in subtropical mid-mountain forest plant communities containing endangered vegetation is critical for understanding the responses of ecosystems to global climate change and for their effective conservation. This study examines the species composition, structure, and interspecies competition within endemic and
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Attention to habitat dynamics in subtropical mid-mountain forest plant communities containing endangered vegetation is critical for understanding the responses of ecosystems to global climate change and for their effective conservation. This study examines the species composition, structure, and interspecies competition within endemic and endangered Abies ziyuanensis (Abies ziyuanensis L.K.Fu and S.L.Mo) communities in China, comparing undisturbed and anthropogenically disturbed conditions. The survey recorded a total of 71 plant species across 39 families and 60 genera. PERMANOVA analysis highlighted significant disparities in species composition between the two forest community conditions. Communities impacted by anthropogenic disturbances showed a higher diversity of shrub and herbaceous species compared to those that were undisturbed, coupled with a significant increase in the number of Abies ziyuanensis seedlings, suggesting a greater potential for self-renewal. Nonetheless, the distribution of diameter class structures in these two community conditions indicates a declining trend in population numbers. In undisturbed Abies ziyuanensis communities, the Weighted Hegyi Competition Index (WCI) for Abies ziyuanensis was 6.04, below the average WCI of 12.24 for all trees within these communities. In contrast, within communities affected by anthropogenic disturbances, the WCI for Abies ziyuanensis reached 7.76, higher than the average WCI of 7.43 for all trees, indicating that Abies ziyuanensis in disturbed communities face heightened competitive pressure compared to undisturbed settings. These findings underscore that previous anthropogenic disturbances have altered the community composition, competition dynamics, growth environment, and succession trends of Abies ziyuanensis communities. While these disturbances promote the regeneration of Abies ziyuanensis, they also reduce its current dominance as a target species.
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(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Trends in the Altitudinal Gradient Evolution of Vegetation Ecological Functions in Mountainous Areas
by
Changhao Niu, Chenyang Huang, Xiaolong Zhang, Shuai Ma, Lianglie Wang, Haibo Hu and Jiang Jiang
Forests 2024, 15(6), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061000 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Natural vegetation protects, maintains, and improves the environment through its ecological functions and is, thus, an important component of Earth’s ecosystems. The distribution of natural vegetation and its corresponding ecological roles vary with the topographic gradient. Understanding this role is essential for effective
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Natural vegetation protects, maintains, and improves the environment through its ecological functions and is, thus, an important component of Earth’s ecosystems. The distribution of natural vegetation and its corresponding ecological roles vary with the topographic gradient. Understanding this role is essential for effective ecosystem management and conservation efforts. This study analyzes vegetation composition across altitude gradients and the spatiotemporal evolution of water conservation, soil conservation, and carbon storage in the southern hill and mountain belt of China. We then explored the drivers of the ecological functions of vegetation at different altitude gradients. The results showed that water conservation increased by 108.56%, soil conservation increased by 97.04%, and carbon storage increased only slightly. The ecological functions of vegetation varied across altitude gradients, with the 500–800 m gradient exhibiting markedly higher ecological functions than the other gradients. The effect of precipitation on soil conservation increases with altitude. In addition, at higher altitudes, evergreen coniferous forests had a greater effect on carbon storage. Based on the results, we propose vegetation management measures for different altitudes. This study provides a reference for decision-makers to develop and adjust ecological restoration programs in mountainous areas for the improvement of the local ecological environment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiple-Use and Ecosystem Services of Forests—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Tree-Level Climate Sensitivity Reveals Size Effects and Impending Growth Decline in Silver Fir Affected by Dieback
by
Juan Pablo Crespo-Antia, Ester González de Andrés, Antonio Gazol, Jesús Julio Camarero and Juan Carlos Linares
Forests 2024, 15(6), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060999 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Worldwide studies have related recent forest decline and mortality events to warmer temperatures and droughts, as well as pointing out a greater vulnerability to climate changes in larger trees. Previous research performed on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) suggest an increasing decline
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Worldwide studies have related recent forest decline and mortality events to warmer temperatures and droughts, as well as pointing out a greater vulnerability to climate changes in larger trees. Previous research performed on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) suggest an increasing decline and mortality, mainly related to rising water shortages. Here, we investigate these die-off events in two silver fir populations at the rear edge of the species in the western Pyrenees. We used dendrochronology to investigate tree age, size (diameter) and individual climate sensitivity (climate–growth relationships) as predisposing factors related to growth patterns and drought resilience indexes in canopy-level declining and non-declining trees. The regional climate was also investigated, including temperature trends, quantile regression in precipitation and frequency of extreme events in drought indexes (SPEI). The regional climate was characterized by an increase in mean temperatures and a higher frequency of extreme drought events in recent decades, without a decrease in total precipitation. Larger trees were more sensitive to temperature and prone to decline. Declining trees presented decreasing growth trends years ago, providing a robust predisposing trait. Both populations were not different in mean growth, despite the contrasting local climate and management legacies, although we identified a higher resilience to drought in the eastmost stand. A significant regression was found between growth trends and climate sensitivity, supporting that declining trees are more sensitive to warmer temperatures and drought. Hence, the results support a contrasting climate sensitivity related to tree size (but not to tree age), suggesting impending decline and mortality in large trees with higher temperature sensitivity (negative temperature–growth correlations). Nonetheless, contributing factors, such as the legacy of previous logging, should also be accounted for.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dendrochronology beyond the Ordinary: Understanding the Wood Formation and Climate Change)
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Open AccessReview
Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.): Review of Ecological Insights, Forest Management Strategies, and Climate Change’s Impact on European Forests
by
Michal Bledý, Stanislav Vacek, Pavel Brabec, Zdeněk Vacek, Jan Cukor, Jakub Černý, Richard Ševčík and Kateřina Brynychová
Forests 2024, 15(6), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060998 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is among the most valuable conifers in Europe for ecological and economic reasons. Throughout the course of history, primarily in the 20th century, its share in stands has been declining due to ill-suited management practices, especially
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The silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is among the most valuable conifers in Europe for ecological and economic reasons. Throughout the course of history, primarily in the 20th century, its share in stands has been declining due to ill-suited management practices, especially clear-cut management, air pollution (SO2 and NOX emissions), and wildlife-induced damage. This literature review compiles findings from 338 scientific papers. It describes futures for silver fir and its distribution, ecological requirements, threats and diseases, seed production and nurseries, and forest management practices with emphasis on ongoing climate change. Based on recent knowledge of fir ecology and population dynamics, small-scale shelterwood and selection management have been introduced in fir stands, which have also stabilized them. Fir is an essential species for maintaining high stability and biodiversity, especially on planosols and in waterlogged habitats. Owing to its shade tolerance and environmental plasticity, it can coexist very well with many tree species in mixtures, which can increase the productive potential of stands within the natural range in Europe. The average stand volume of mature fir stands ranges from 237–657 m3 ha−1. For its successful natural regeneration, it is essential to reduce cloven-hoofed game and thus prevent bud browsing damage. The attractiveness of fir in terms of heavy browsing is the highest of all conifers (52% damage). On the other hand, fir is a species relatively resistant to bark stripping and the spread of secondary rot compared with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Under global climate change, fir is expected to shift to higher elevations with sufficient precipitation, while in the southern part of its natural range or at lower elevations, outside water-influenced habitats, it is likely to decline. Climate change is intricately linked to the heightened prevalence of forest pathogens with significant damage potential in Europe, necessitating careful consideration and strategic adaptation within management practices of fir forests.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree Growth and Physiological Properties under Ongoing Global Climate Change)
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Open AccessEditorial
Applied Chemical Ecology of Forest Insects
by
Jeremy D. Allison and Qing-He Zhang
Forests 2024, 15(6), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060997 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Forests provide diverse and complex services, including contributing directly to the livelihood of more than 1.5 billion people, providing habitat to ca. 80% of terrestrial species and combating climate change. With the continued growth of human populations, the significance of the ecosystem services
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Forests provide diverse and complex services, including contributing directly to the livelihood of more than 1.5 billion people, providing habitat to ca. 80% of terrestrial species and combating climate change. With the continued growth of human populations, the significance of the ecosystem services provided by forests will increase.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Chemical Ecology of Forest Insects)
Open AccessArticle
Seasonal Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Island-like Forest Soils in the Sanjiang Plain: Impacts of Soil Characteristics and Climatic Factors
by
Nan Xu, Jinbo Li, Haixiu Zhong, Yuan Wang, Juexian Dong and Xuechen Yang
Forests 2024, 15(6), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060996 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Using the static chamber–gas chromatography method, this study investigates the flux characteristics of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the soils of three typical island-like forests in the Sanjiang Plain during the growing season (May to September), as
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Using the static chamber–gas chromatography method, this study investigates the flux characteristics of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the soils of three typical island-like forests in the Sanjiang Plain during the growing season (May to September), as well as their relationships with environmental factors. The results indicate that the soils of the Broadleaf mixed forest, Quercus mongolica forest, and Betula platyphylla forest act as emission sources for CO2 and N2O, with average fluxes of 433.92, 452.41, and 358.17 μg·m−2·h−1 for CO2 and 12.48, 13.02, and 10.51 μg·m−2·h−1 for N2O, respectively. The differences among forest types are not significant. All three forest types serve as sinks for CH4, with average fluxes of −22.52, −23.29, and −0.76 μg·m−2·h−1. The Betula platyphylla forest has a significantly weaker absorption intensity compared to the other types (p < 0.01). The measured environmental factors collectively explain 66.58% of the variability in greenhouse gas fluxes in the island-like forests, with soil temperature, soil moisture, and total nitrogen content being the main influencing factors in the region. Rising temperatures favor the emission of CO2 and N2O and the absorption of CH4 in all three forest types. Increased soil moisture inhibits the absorption of CH4 in the Broadleaf mixed forest and Quercus mongolica forest, while higher levels of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen enhance the N2O flux in the Quercus mongolica forest. Soil organic carbon and soil pH significantly influence only the greenhouse gas fluxes of the Betula platyphylla forest.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Forest Carbon Sequestration and Emission Reduction Potential)
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Mapping Forest Stock Volume Using Phenological Features Derived from Time-Serial Sentinel-2 Imagery in Planted Larch
by
Qianyang Li, Hui Lin, Jiangping Long, Zhaohua Liu, Zilin Ye, Huanna Zheng and Peisong Yang
Forests 2024, 15(6), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060995 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
As one of the important types of forest resources, mapping forest stock volume (FSV) in larch (Larix decidua) forests holds significant importance for forest resource management, carbon cycle research, and climate change monitoring. However, the accuracy of FSV mapping using common
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As one of the important types of forest resources, mapping forest stock volume (FSV) in larch (Larix decidua) forests holds significant importance for forest resource management, carbon cycle research, and climate change monitoring. However, the accuracy of FSV mapping using common spectral and texture features is often limited due to their failure in fully capturing seasonal changes and growth cycle characteristics of vegetation. Phenological features can effectively provide essential information regarding the growth status of forests. In this study, multi-temporal Sentinel-2 satellite imagery were initially acquired in the Wangyedian Forest Farm in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. Subsequently, various phenological features were extracted from time series variables constructed by Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) using Savitzky–Golay filters, stepwise differentiation, and Fourier transform techniques. The alternative features were further refined through Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and the forward selection algorithm, resulting in six groups of optimal subsets. Finally, four models including the Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) algorithms were developed to estimate FSV. The results demonstrated that incorporating phenological features significantly enhanced model performance, with the SVM model exhibiting the best performance—achieving an R2 value of 0.77 along with an RMSE value of 46.36 m3/hm2 and rRMSE value of 22.78%. Compared to models without phenological features, inclusion of these features led to a 0.25 increase in R2 value while reducing RMSE by 10.40 m3/hm2 and rRMSE by 5%. Overall, integration of phenological feature variables not only improves the accuracy of larch forest FSV mapping but also has potential implications for delaying saturation phenomena.
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(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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Tree Rings Elucidate Differential Drought Responses in Stands of Three Mexican Pines
by
Eduardo Daniel Vivar-Vivar, Marín Pompa-García and Jesús Julio Camarero
Forests 2024, 15(6), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060994 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the growth of trees is essential to understanding their response to predicted warmer and drier climate scenarios. We used the annual rings of three Mexican pines (Pinus montezumae Lamb., Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl., and Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém)
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Knowledge regarding the growth of trees is essential to understanding their response to predicted warmer and drier climate scenarios. We used the annual rings of three Mexican pines (Pinus montezumae Lamb., Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl., and Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém) to explore their drought responses. Correlation analyses showed that hydroclimatic factors differentially impact tree species in terms of the intensity and temporality. The negative influence of the maximum temperature and positive effect of the precipitation on the growth indices were notable, with P. montezumae being the most responsive species, followed by P. oocarpa and P. monophylla. The climate–growth relationships were specific and driven by the differential hydrothermal conditions across the study areas. SPEI analyses indicated that P. monophylla is better able to tolerate drought than P. montezumae or P. oocarpa, especially in recent years. The lower resilience of P. montezumae and P. oocarpa could predispose them to a higher mortality risk if warming and drying rates increase. Our findings strengthen the understanding of the responses of tree growth to seasonal drought, which is critical considering the biogeographic shifts that will potentially be experienced by these forests in the future. This knowledge improves the understanding of young Mexican stands and could contribute to the design of management strategies in the face of predicted climatic variations.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Extremes on Forests)
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Soil Quality Variation under Different Land Use Types and Its Driving Factors in Beijing
by
Fangfang Qiang, Changchang Sheng, Jiaqi Zhang, Liwei Jiang and Jinxing Zhou
Forests 2024, 15(6), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060993 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
With the advancement of urbanization, land resources are becoming increasingly strained, particularly for urban greening purposes. In this context, a large number of newly cultivated lands dominated by construction waste and backfill soil are emerging in cities. Assessing the soil quality of these
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With the advancement of urbanization, land resources are becoming increasingly strained, particularly for urban greening purposes. In this context, a large number of newly cultivated lands dominated by construction waste and backfill soil are emerging in cities. Assessing the soil quality of these newly cultivated lands and achieving their rational utilization accurately and quantitatively has become an urgent issue. In this study, soil samples of five land use types, namely newly cultivated land (NCL, control), adjacent cropland (CL), arbor–shrub mixed forest (ASF), arbor forest (AF), and shrubland (SL) were selected around Beijing, China. ASF, AF, and SL are also newly cultivated lands composed of construction waste and backfill before greening. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), a total data set (TDS) and a minimum data set (MDS) were used to construct the soil quality index (SQI) model. Soil quality indicators covering the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and their relationships with land use types were studied with the Partial Least Squares Path Model (PLS-PM). The results were summarized as follows: (1) The soil quality index under different land use types in the Beijing plain area were in the order of arbor–shrub mixed forest (ASF) > arbor forest (AF) > shrubland (SL) > cropland (CL) > newly cultivated land (NCL). (2) Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil water content (SWC), maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC), capillary water-holding capacity (CWHC), Pb, and Cd were identified as the MDS. The MDS of the soil quality assessment model showed a linear relationship with the TDS (y = 0.946x + 0.050, R2 = 0.51). (3) Land use types have an indirect impact on soil quality by changing the content of Pb. The chemical indicators’ coefficient (0.602) contributed more to the SQI than did the physical indicators’ (0.259) and heavy metal elements’ (−0.234). In general, afforestation and agricultural production could improve the newly cultivated lands’ soil quality, but afforestation is much better than agricultural production. These results will help to evaluate the SQI in the Beijing plain area objectively and accurately, and they have significant implications for soil restoration and management.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Fertilization and Sustainable Soil Management Practices in Trees)
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Estimating the Vertical Distribution of Biomass in Subtropical Tree Species Using an Integrated Random Forest and Least Squares Machine Learning Mode
by
Guo Li, Can Li, Guanyu Jia, Zhenying Han, Yu Huang and Wenmin Hu
Forests 2024, 15(6), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060992 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Accurate quantification of forest biomass (FB) is the key to assessing the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Using remote sensing to apply inversion techniques to the estimation of FBs has recently become a research trend. However, the limitations of vertical scale analysis methods
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Accurate quantification of forest biomass (FB) is the key to assessing the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Using remote sensing to apply inversion techniques to the estimation of FBs has recently become a research trend. However, the limitations of vertical scale analysis methods and the nonlinear distribution of forest biomass stratification have led to significant uncertainties in FB estimation. In this study, the biomass characteristics of forest vertical stratification were considered, and based on the integration of random forest and least squares (RF-LS) models, the FB prediction potential improved. The results indicated that compared with traditional biomass estimation methods, the overall R2 of FB retrieval increased by 12.01%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased by 7.50 Mg·hm−2. The RF-LS model we established exhibited better performance in FB inversion and simulation assessments. The indicators of forest canopy height, soil organic matter content, and red-edge chlorophyll vegetation index had greater impacts on FB estimation. These indexes could be the focus of consideration in FB estimation using the integrated RF-LS model. Overall, this study provided an optimization method to map and evaluate FB by fine stratification of above-ground forest and reveals important indicators for FB inversion and the applicability of the RF-LS model. The results could be used as a reference for the accurate inversion of subtropical forest biomass parameters and estimation of carbon storage.
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(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
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Construction of Additive Allometric Biomass Models for Young Trees of Two Dominate Species in Beijing, China
by
Shan Wang, Zhongke Feng, Zhichao Wang, Lili Hu, Tiantian Ma, Xuanhan Yang, Hening Fu and Jinshan Li
Forests 2024, 15(6), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060991 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
The traditional volume-derived biomass method is limited because it does not fully consider the carbon sink of young trees, which leads to the underestimation of the carbon sink capacity of a forest ecosystem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish an allometric
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The traditional volume-derived biomass method is limited because it does not fully consider the carbon sink of young trees, which leads to the underestimation of the carbon sink capacity of a forest ecosystem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish an allometric biomass model of young trees to provide a quantitative basis for accurately estimating the carbon storage and carbon sink of young trees. The destructive data that were used in this study included the biomass of the young trees of the two dominant species (Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll and Populus × tomentosa Carrière) in China, which was composed of the aboveground biomass (Ba), belowground biomass (Bb), and total biomass (Bt). Univariate and bivariate dimensions were selected and five candidate biomass models were independently tested. Two additive allometric biomass model systems of young trees were established using the proportional function control method and algebraic sum control method, respectively. We found that the logistic function was the most suitable for explaining the allometric growth relationship between the Ba, Bt, and diameter at breast height (D) of young trees; the power function was the most suitable for explaining the allometric growth relationship between the Bb and D of young trees. When compared with the independent fitting model, the two additive allometric biomass model systems provide additive biomass prediction which reflects the conditions in reality. The accuracy of the Bt models and Ba models was higher, while the accuracy of the Bb models was lower. In terms of the two dimensions—univariate and bivariate, we found that the bivariate additive allometric biomass model system was more accurate. In the univariate dimension, the proportional function control method was superior to the algebraic sum control method. In the bivariate dimension, the algebraic sum control method was superior to the proportional function control method. The additive allometric biomass models provide a reliable basis for estimating the biomass of young trees and realizing the additivity of the biomass components, which has broad application prospects, such as the monitoring of carbon stocks and carbon sink evaluation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling Aboveground Forest Biomass: New Developments)
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