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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 677-692, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048873
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cellular Signal Transduction in Biological Activities)
Abstract The structural and associated molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) complex is an important component of the local milieu of cells, both for maintaining their functions and homeostasis. It is a dynamic structure that is finely tuned to changes in the microenvironment. One of these factors is hypoxia, which can arise in tissues due to physiological or pathological effects. As a result of the hypoxic effect, the properties of the ECM are significantly modified, stiffness increases, the balance between degradation and synthesis of structural proteins shifts, and the deposition of biologically active mediators’ changes. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) contribute significantly to… More >

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129

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 693-706, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048776
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Exploring the Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases)
Abstract Physical activity and exercise have several beneficial roles in enhancing both physiological and psychological well-being of an individual. In addition to aiding the regulation of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, exercise can stimulate the synthesis of exerkine hormones in the circulatory system. Among several exerkines that have been investigated for their therapeutic potential, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered the most promising candidate, especially in the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Owing to the ability of physical activity to enhance BDNF synthesis, several experimental studies conducted so far have validated this hypothesis and produced satisfactory results at the pre-clinical level. This review… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 707-729, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.049130
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Exploring the Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases)
Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, accounting for more than 1% of the population aged 65 years. Monogenic inheritance is relatively rare in PD, accounting for approximately 5% to 10% of PD patients, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that multiple genetic risk factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PD. Several groups have identified and reported a number of genes carrying mutations associated with affected family members. Mutated genes associated with PD are also candidates for idiopathic PD, and these genes may also carry other mutation sites that increase… More >

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118

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 731-744, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048820
Abstract Background: Depression is becoming increasingly prevalent around the world, imposing a substantial burden on individuals, families, as well as society. Quercetin is known to be highly effective in treating depression. However, additional research is needed to dissect the mechanisms of its anti-depressive effects. Methods: For this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into the control, model, quercetin, or fluoxetine group. The latter three groups were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 42 d. The first two groups received saline solution daily via oral gavage. Meanwhile, the quercetin group was orally administered a quercetin suspension (52.08 mg/kg) every day,… More >

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107

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 745-758, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.049140
Abstract Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP), known for its rapid onset and significant incidence and mortality rates, presents a clinical challenge due to the limited availability of effective treatments and preventive measures. Anemarsaponin B (ASB) has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent, demonstrating capabilities in reducing immune inflammation, positioning it as a promising candidate for AP treatment. Methods: We investigated the effects of ASB on AP in mice, induced by caerulein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Peripheral blood samples were collected 24 h post-induction with caerulein to assess of key biomarkers including lipase, amylase, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, SOD, and GSH-Px. A range of techniques… More >

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94

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 759-769, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048551
Abstract Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health concern with the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)/ceramide (CE) pathway and the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome identified as pivotal players in lipid disorders and inflammation. This study explores the interaction mechanism between the ASM/CE pathway and NLRP3 in NAFLD cell models, aiming to understand the impact of amitriptyline (Ami), an ASM inhibitor, on lipid deposition and hepatocyte injury by regulating the ASM/CE-NLRP3 pathway. Methods: HepG2 and HL-7702 cells were exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs) to establish the NAFLD model. The cells were divided into 5 groups:… More >

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139

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 771-792, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048878
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Biomarker Research: Unveiling the Pathways to Precision Medicine)
Abstract Background: Ferroptosis, a lipid peroxidation-mediated programmed cell death, is closely linked to tumor development, including prostate cancer (PCa). Despite established connections between ferroptosis and PCa, a comprehensive investigation is essential for understanding its impact on patient prognosis. Methods: A risk model incorporating four ferroptosis-related genes was developed and validated. Elevated risk scores correlated with an increased likelihood of biochemical recurrence (BCR), diminished immune infiltration, and adverse clinicopathological characteristics. To corroborate these results, we performed validation analyses utilizing datasets from both the Cancer Genome Atlas Cohort (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Synthesis Cohort (GEO). Moreover, we conducted further investigations into the… More >

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124

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 793-801, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048395
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Subcellular Organelles and Cellular Molecules: Localization, Detection, Prediction, and Diseases)
Abstract Background: Galectin 2 (LGALS2) is a protein previously reported to serve as a mediator of disease progression in a range of cancers. The function of LGALS2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), however, has yet to be explored, prompting the present study to address this literature gap. Methods: Overall, 144 paired malignant tumor tissues and paracancerous OSCC patient samples were harvested and the LGALS2 expression levels were examined through qPCR and western immunoblotting. The LGALS2 coding sequence was introduced into the pcDNA3.0 vector, to enable the overexpression of this gene, while an LGALS2-specific shRNA and corresponding controls were also obtained.… More >

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153

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 803-815, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.047122
Abstract Background: Although it has been established that the human Solute Carrier Family 22 (SLC22) functions as a cationic transporter, influencing cellular biological metabolism by modulating the uptake of various cations, its impact on cancer prognosis remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other databases to assess the prognostic value and functional implications across various tumors. Silence of SLC22A1 RNA in glioma U251 cells was performed to access the impact of SLC22A1 on lower-grade glioma (LGG) progression. Results: Our findings demonstrated a significant correlation between SLC22A1 expression and the survival time… More >

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84

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 817-834, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048737
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Frontiers in cancer: tumor microenvironment)
Abstract Background: The incidence of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is globally high; however, despite the introduction of innovative drug therapies, there remains a lack of effective biomarkers for evaluating treatment response. Recently, Caspase recruiting domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11) has garnered attention due to its significant association with tumor development and the immune system. Methods: The expression of CARD11 mRNA and protein in ccRCC were analyzed by public database and immunohistochemistry. The focus of this study is on the epigenomic modifications of CARD11, its expression of ccRCC immunophenotype, and its correlation with response to immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Furthermore, to… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 835-845, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048076
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Navigating the Interplay of Cancer, Autophagy, ER Stress, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Future Directions)
Abstract Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been increasing in recent years. Thus, the discovery of factors that can assist in alleviating CRC is urgently warranted. Methods: To identify a potential factor involved in the development of CRC, we screened the upregulated genes in tumor tissues through four datasets from an online database. The expression of reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1), a Ca-binding protein, was upregulated in the four datasets. Based on loss-of-function experiments, the effect of RCN1 on cell viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The regulatory effect of RCN1 on apoptosis was evaluated through Annexin V-fluorescein… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 847-860, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.050868
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Navigating the Interplay of Cancer, Autophagy, ER Stress, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Future Directions)
Abstract Background: Regulatory proteins involved in human cellular division and proliferation, cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are overexpressed in numerous cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is a common pathological subtype of breast cancer that is prone to recurrence and metastasis, and has a single treatment method. As one of the CDK4/6 inhibitors, abemaciclib can effectively inhibit the growth of breast tumors. In this study, we synthesized LA-D-B1, a derivative of Abemaciclib, and investigated its anti-tumor effects in breast cancer. Methods: Cellular viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell cloning and migration abilities were determined by… More >

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79

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BIOCELL, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 861-872, 2024, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2024.048758
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Navigating the Interplay of Cancer, Autophagy, ER Stress, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Future Directions)
Abstract Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) exhibits a significant prevalence in the southern regions of China, and paclitaxel (PTX) is frequently employed as a medication for managing advanced NPC. However, drug resistance is typically accompanied by a poor prognosis. Exploring the synergistic potential of combining multiple chemotherapeutic agents may represent a promising avenue for optimizing treatment efficacy. Methods: This study investigated whether 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) could potentiated the effect of PTX and its potential molecular mechanism. Samples were divided into the following categories: Negative control (NC) with the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.5% v/v), PTX (400 nM), 3-MA (4 mM), and PTX (400… More >

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113

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 87-95, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2022.016509
Abstract Available reports have confirmed a link between bacterial infection and the progression of different types of cancers, including colon, lungs, and prostate cancer. Here we report the Chlamydia pneumonia proteins targeting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using in-silico approaches and their possible role in lung cancer etiology. We predicted 48 proteins that target human ER, which may be associated with protein folding and protein-protein interactions during infection. The results showed C. pneumoniae proteins targeting human ER and their implications in lung cancer growth. These targeted proteins may be involved in competitive interactions between host and bacterial proteins, which may change the… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.3, pp. 759-767, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2022.016586
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular and Cellular Diagnostic Models)
Abstract Despite the multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses accumulating evidence on the preventive effect of calcium supplementation for colorectal cancer, most of the associated adverse effects are not systematically analyzed. The aim of the study is evaluating adverse events associated with calcium supplementation for colorectal cancer prevention through a systematic meta-analysis. We searched Medline, PubMed Central, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica database), Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science published in English from database inception up to 31 July 2019. In the current systematic meta-analysis, we included human studies (including cohort studies, clinical trials, case-control studies) on supplementation of… More >

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1119

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BIOCELL, Vol.47, No.2, pp. 239-244, 2023, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2023.025357
Abstract An organism’s survival depends on its ability to adapt to stress. Mitochondria are the cellular integrators of environmental stressors that ultimately translate their responses at the organismal level, and are thus central to the process whereby organisms adapt to their respective environments. Mitochondria produce molecular energy via oxidative phosphorylation that then allows cells to biosynthetically respond and adapt to changes in their environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of oxidative phosphorylation that can be either beneficial or damaging, depending on the context; ROS are hence both the conveyors of environmental stress as well as cellular “adaptogens”. Mitohormesis refers to… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 1-5, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.017300
Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) are two molecules that share signaling properties in plant and animal cells. NO and H₂S originate two families of derived molecules designated reactive nitrogen and sulfur species (RNS and RSS, respectively). These molecules are responsible for certain protein regulatory processes through posttranslational modifications (PTMs), being the most remarkable S-nitrosation and persulfidation, which affect the thiol group of cysteine residues. NO and H₂S can also exert regulatory functions due to their interaction through the iron present in proteins that contain heme groups or iron-sulfur clusters, as reported mainly in animal cells. However, the available… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.2, pp. 389-400, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.015899
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Stem Cells, Protein Therapeutics, and Regenerative Medicine)
Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a long-lasting condition that affects the liver, destroying its function. Liver injury can cause steatosis and inflammation, and further activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) often leads to the development of nonalcoholic liver fibrosis. The patient with NAFLD is at risk of developing advanced liver disease and complications, such as liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and portal hypertension. Although our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of NAFLD has greatly improved in recent years, treatment remains limited. Analysis and characterization of protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) could improve our understanding of NAFLD pathology and… More >

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1789

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.4, pp. 1053-1066, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.012901
Abstract Previous reports have suggested that Ang-(1-7) may have a protective effect in endothelial cells against high glucose (HG)-induced cell injury thanks to a modulatory mechanism in the NF-κB signaling pathway. In this study, we have examined whether NF-κB-IL-1β and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathways contribute to the protection of Ang-(1-7) against hyperglycemia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results indicate that time-varying exposures of HUVECs, from 1 h to 24 h, to high glucose concentrations result in an increased expression of phosphorylated (p)-p65 and HO-1 in a time-dependent manner. As an inhibitor of NF-κB, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic… More >

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1544

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.2, pp. 505-510, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.015785
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cellular Biomechanics in Health and Diseases)
Abstract The excessive energy of light, especially the invisible rays with lower wavelength, is basically absorbed by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and usually causes DNA damage. The molecular mechanism behind DNA damage repair response to this frequent stress in RPE is not clearly understood. In this study, we determined that the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway was activated in human RPE ARPE-19 cells after ultraviolet (UV) B and C treatment. Moreover, immunoprecipitation (IP) of FANCD2 indicated that denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (DTL) closely interacted with FANCD2. Knockdown of DTL weakened the activity of the FA pathway in ARPE-19 cells responding… More >

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1677

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 97-109, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.015608
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Computational Models in Non-Coding RNA and Human Disease)
Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancer worldwide. Although emerging evidence indicates that autophagy-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the progression of GC, the prognosis of GC based on autophagy is still deficient. The Cancer Genome of Atlas stomach adenocarcinoma (TCGA-STAD) dataset was downloaded and separated into a training set and a testing set randomly. Then, 24 autophagy-related lncRNAs were found strongly associated with the survival of the TCGA-STAD dataset. 11 lncRNAs were selected to build the risk score model through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Every patient got… More >

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2149

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 127-136, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.015932
Abstract Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor used for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, is limited by its low oral bioavailability. To overcome this drawback, we have developed novel camel milk casein-derived nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. Camel milk casein is not only biocompatible on oral administration but is actually a dietary protein of pharmaceutical relevance. Casein is used because of its amphiphilic nature, self-assembling property, ability to show sustained release, and capability of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. In this study, camel milk casein nanoparticles loaded with sorafenib were developed and characterized. Characterization of casein nanoparticles was done by dynamic… More >

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1454

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BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.3, pp. 721-735, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.015867
Abstract The peritoneum is the most common site of recurrence of gastric cancer (GC). Early occult peritoneal metastasis is difficult to detect by imaging examination. Stratifying the risk of peritoneal metastasis in patients with different Lauren subtypes is of great clinical value. We performed a univariate Cox regression to identify those genes with prognostic value of overall survival (OS) and peritoneal-specified disease-free survival (psDFS) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The candidate genes were screened by the Subpopulation Treatment Effect Pattern Plot (STEPP) method. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to reduce the interference of confounders on the results. Based… More >

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1546

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BIOCELL, Vol.29, No.2, pp. 149-161, 2005, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2005.29.149
Abstract Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological process characteristic of pluricellular organisms leading to self-destruction of the cell. It is therefore involved in development, homeostasis and host defense. However, a significant difference has been shown between mammalian cell apoptosis and non-mammalian cell apoptosis: mitochondria are implicated only in the former. Execution of PCD includes the release of several proapoptotic proteins from the intermembrane space of mitochondria. They could exert their actions through a caspase dependent as well as a caspase independent way. On the other hand, regulation of PCD is mainly given by the Bcl-2 family members, which… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.35, No.2, pp. 43-50, 2011, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2011.35.043
Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression primarily by degrading target mRNA or inhibit the translation of protein product. Recently, many reports have shown the altered miRNA expression in various diseases. However, there are no reports on miRNA expression related to periodontitis. Thus, this study aimed to compare the miRNAs differentially expressed in healthy and chronic periodontitis tissues and to determine the miRNAs closely associated with chronic periodontitis. To find out the miRNAs differentially induced in healthy and chronic periodontitis tissues, miRNA microarray was carried out and the expression of miRNAs was confirmed by real-time PCR.… More >

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86

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BIOCELL, Vol.29, No.2, pp. 209-212, 2005, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2005.29.209
Abstract Oxidative modifications of cell components due to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most potentially damaging processes for proper cell function. However, in the last few years it has been observed that ROS participate in physiological processes. The aim of this work was to determine ROS generation during in vitro production of bovine embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered by aspiration of antral follicles from ovaries obtained from slaughtered cows and cultured in medium 199 for 22 h at 39ºC in 5% CO₂: 95% humidified air. In vitro fertilization was carried out in IVF-mSOF with frozenthawed… More >

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41

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BIOCELL, Vol.26, No.2, pp. 205-215, 2002, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2002.26.205
Abstract During the differentiation of erythroid cells, a vast program of maturation takes place, leading to decay or elimination of organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. During the last step of red cell maturation, remaining organelles, primarily mitochondria and ribosomes but also vestiges of others are finally cleared from the cell. This cleaning session also affects specific proteins that are partially or entirely removed from the cell surface. The interplay of the various events and their causal relationships are approached here. More >

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37

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BIOCELL, Vol.31, No.1, pp. 1-12, 2007, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2007.31.001
Abstract Congenital obstructive nephropathy is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease in children. Rapid diagnosis and initiation of the treatment are vital to preserve function and/or to slow down renal injury. Obstructive uropathy effects -decline in the plasmatic renal flow and glomerular filtration rate, interstitial infiltrate of leukocytes, significant decrease of the urine concentration, loss of the capacity to concentrate urine as well as fibrosis and apoptosis- are a consequence of a variety of factors that work in complex ways and are still not fully understood. Mediators as angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and nitric oxide (NO) have been… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 1-18, 2009, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2009.33.001
Abstract Many characteristics of the South American teleost fish Cichlasoma dimerus (body size, easy breeding, undemanding maintenance) make it amenable to laboratory studies. In the last years, many of the fundamental aspects of its reproductive and developmental biology have been addressed in our laboratory. Rather recently, the immunohistochemical localization of pituitary hormones involved in reproduction and in background color adaptation has been described in both adult and developing individuals, and the role of FSH in ovarian differentiation has been established. These findings have been correlated with mapping of some of their brain-derived controlling hormones. The latter include brain-derived gonadotropins which were… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 295-301, 2005, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2005.29.295
Abstract The genus Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. has achieved considerable importance to cattle production systems, as a result of the good production and adaptation of a few cultivars to poor and acid soils of the Brazilian savannas. Many of its species and accessions are polyploid and apomictic, which limits direct hybridization. To assist the breeding program, cytogenetic characterization has been undertaken on the accessions of Brachiaria collection at the Embrapa Beef Cattle Research Center. In this study, chromosome number and meiotic behavior are reported for the Brachiaria nigropedata (Ficalho & Hiern) Stapf collection. The 20 available accessions are tetraploid (2n = 4x… More >

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31

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BIOCELL, Vol.29, No.1, pp. 25-31, 2005, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2005.29.025
Abstract The aim of this study is to describe the ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas of P. argentinus in intermoult. P. argentinus hepatopancreas was studied using standard TEM techniques. Each tubule consists of four cellular types: E (embryonic), F (fibrillar), R (resorptive) and B (blister like). E-cells have embryonic features and some of them were found in mitosis. F, R and B cells possess an apical brush border. F-cells have a central or basal nucleus, a conspicuous RER, and dilated Golgi cisternae. R cells show a polar organization of organelles in three areas: apical, with numerous mitochondria and sER tubules, a central… More >

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BIOCELL, Vol.27, No.1, pp. 1-9, 2003, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2003.27.001
Abstract Bifidobacteria are predominant in the lumen of the large intestine and confer various health benefits on the host. They are also used in the preparation of new fermented milks (bioyogurts) or added to conventional yogurt to generate probiotic effects. The colonization of the gut by bacteria tends to be host specific due partly to the way in which bacteria adhere to the intestinal wall. Using a homologous strain of Bifidobacterium animalis in an experimental mouse model, we analyzed by immunofluorescence labelledbacteria and transmission electronic microscopy the importance of this bacterial interaction with epithelial an immune cells associated to the gut,… More >

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1094

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BIOCELL, Vol.27, No.2, pp. 163-172, 2003, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2003.27.163
Abstract The purpose of this review, based on studies from our laboratory as well as from others, is to summarize salient features of mast cell immunobiology and to describe their associations with gastrointestinal mucosal defense. Gastrointestinal mast cells are involved in many pathologic effects, such as food hypersensitivity. On the other hand, they also play a protective role in defense against parasitic and microbial infections. Thus, they have both positive and negative effects, but presently the mechanisms that control the balance of these various effects are poorly known. It has been suggested that stabilization of mast cells may be a key… More >

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