The conical shape of a shuttlecock allows it to flip on impact. As a light and extended particle, it flies with a pure drag trajectory. We first study the flip phenomenon and the dynamics of the flight and then discuss the implications on the game. Lastly, a possible classification of different shots is proposed.
The Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG) with a tradition extending back to 1845 is the largest physical society in the world with more than 61,000 members. The DPG sees itself as the forum and mouthpiece for physics and is a non-profit organisation that does not pursue financial interests. It supports the sharing of ideas and thoughts within the scientific community, fosters physics teaching and would also like to open a window to physics for all those with a healthy curiosity.
The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a leading scientific society promoting physics and bringing physicists together for the benefit of all. It has a worldwide membership of around 50 000 comprising physicists from all sectors, as well as those with an interest in physics. It works to advance physics research, application and education; and engages with policy makers and the public to develop awareness and understanding of physics. Its publishing company, IOP Publishing, is a world leader in professional scientific communications.
ISSN: 1367-2630
New Journal of Physics (NJP) publishes important new research of the highest scientific quality with significance across a broad readership. The journal is owned and run by scientific societies, with the selection of content and the peer review managed by a prestigious international board of scientists.
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Caroline Cohen et al 2015 New J. Phys. 17 063001
Ran Finkelstein et al 2023 New J. Phys. 25 035001
This tutorial introduces the theoretical and experimental basics of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in thermal alkali vapors. We first give a brief phenomenological description of EIT in simple three-level systems of stationary atoms and derive analytical expressions for optical absorption and dispersion under EIT conditions. Then we focus on how the thermal motion of atoms affects various parameters of the EIT system. Specifically, we analyze the Doppler broadening of optical transitions, ballistic versus diffusive atomic motion in a limited-volume interaction region, and collisional depopulation and decoherence. Finally, we discuss the common trade-offs important for optimizing an EIT experiment and give a brief 'walk-through' of a typical EIT experimental setup. We conclude with a brief overview of current and potential EIT applications.
Roger Bach et al 2013 New J. Phys. 15 033018
Double-slit diffraction is a corner stone of quantum mechanics. It illustrates key features of quantum mechanics: interference and the particle-wave duality of matter. In 1965, Richard Feynman presented a thought experiment to show these features. Here we demonstrate the full realization of his famous thought experiment. By placing a movable mask in front of a double-slit to control the transmission through the individual slits, probability distributions for single- and double-slit arrangements were observed. Also, by recording single electron detection events diffracting through a double-slit, a diffraction pattern was built up from individual events.
Jianhong Mou et al 2024 New J. Phys. 26 043027
Understanding the dynamics of spreading and diffusion on networks is of critical importance for a variety of processes in real life. However, predicting the temporal evolution of diffusion on networks remains challenging as the process is shaped by network topology, spreading non-linearities, and heterogeneous adaptation behavior. In this study, we propose the 'spindle vector', a new network topological feature, which shapes nodes according to the distance from the root node. The spindle vector captures the relative order of nodes in diffusion propagation, thus allowing us to approximate the spatiotemporal evolution of diffusion dynamics on networks. The approximation simplifies the detailed connections of node pairs by only focusing on the nodal count within individual layers and the interlayer connections, seeking a compromise between efficiency and complexity. Through experiments on various networks, we show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art on BA networks with an average improvement of 38.6% on the mean absolute error. Additionally, the predictive accuracy of our method exhibits a notable convergence with the pairwise approximation approach with the increasing presence of quadrangles and pentagons in WS networks. The new metric provides a general and computationally efficient approach to predict network diffusion problems and is of potential for a large range of network applications.
Jarrod R McClean et al 2016 New J. Phys. 18 023023
Many quantum algorithms have daunting resource requirements when compared to what is available today. To address this discrepancy, a quantum-classical hybrid optimization scheme known as 'the quantum variational eigensolver' was developed (Peruzzo et al 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4213) with the philosophy that even minimal quantum resources could be made useful when used in conjunction with classical routines. In this work we extend the general theory of this algorithm and suggest algorithmic improvements for practical implementations. Specifically, we develop a variational adiabatic ansatz and explore unitary coupled cluster where we establish a connection from second order unitary coupled cluster to universal gate sets through a relaxation of exponential operator splitting. We introduce the concept of quantum variational error suppression that allows some errors to be suppressed naturally in this algorithm on a pre-threshold quantum device. Additionally, we analyze truncation and correlated sampling in Hamiltonian averaging as ways to reduce the cost of this procedure. Finally, we show how the use of modern derivative free optimization techniques can offer dramatic computational savings of up to three orders of magnitude over previously used optimization techniques.
L S Liebovitch et al 2019 New J. Phys. 21 073022
Peace is not merely the absence of war and violence, rather 'positive peace' is the political, economic, and social systems that generate and sustain peaceful societies. Our international and multidisciplinary group is using physics inspired complex systems analysis methods to understand the factors and their interactions that together support and maintain peace. We developed causal loop diagrams and from them ordinary differential equation models of the system needed for sustainable peace. We then used that mathematical model to determine the attractors in the system, the dynamics of the approach to those attractors, and the factors and connections that play the most important role in determining the final state of the system. We used data science ('big data') methods to measure quantitative values of the peace factors from structured and unstructured (social media) data. We also developed a graphical user interface for the mathematical model so that social scientists or policy makers, can by themselves, explore the effects of changing the variables and parameters in these systems. These results demonstrate that complex systems analysis methods, previously developed and applied to physical and biological systems, can also be productively applied to analyze social systems such as those needed for sustainable peace.
Dominic Horsman et al 2012 New J. Phys. 14 123011
In recent years, surface codes have become a leading method for quantum error correction in theoretical large-scale computational and communications architecture designs. Their comparatively high fault-tolerant thresholds and their natural two-dimensional nearest-neighbour (2DNN) structure make them an obvious choice for large scale designs in experimentally realistic systems. While fundamentally based on the toric code of Kitaev, there are many variants, two of which are the planar- and defect-based codes. Planar codes require fewer qubits to implement (for the same strength of error correction), but are restricted to encoding a single qubit of information. Interactions between encoded qubits are achieved via transversal operations, thus destroying the inherent 2DNN nature of the code. In this paper we introduce a new technique enabling the coupling of two planar codes without transversal operations, maintaining the 2DNN of the encoded computer. Our lattice surgery technique comprises splitting and merging planar code surfaces, and enables us to perform universal quantum computation (including magic state injection) while removing the need for braided logic in a strictly 2DNN design, and hence reduces the overall qubit resources for logic operations. Those resources are further reduced by the use of a rotated lattice for the planar encoding. We show how lattice surgery allows us to distribute encoded GHZ states in a more direct (and overhead friendly) manner, and how a demonstration of an encoded CNOT between two distance-3 logical states is possible with 53 physical qubits, half of that required in any other known construction in 2D.
Noah Lupu-Gladstein et al 2024 New J. Phys. 26 053029
Quantum mechanics is usually formulated with an implicit assumption that agents who can observe and interact with the world are external to it and have a classical memory. However, there is no accepted way to define the quantum–classical cut and no a priori reason to rule out fully quantum agents with coherent quantum memories. In this work, we introduce an entirely quantum notion of measurement, called a sensation, to account for quantum agents that experience the world through quantum sensors. Sensations eschew probabilities and instead describe a deterministic flow of quantum information. We quantify the information gain and disturbance of a sensation using concepts from quantum information theory and find that sensations always disturb at least as much as they inform. Viewing measurements as sensations could lead to a new understanding of quantum theory in general and to new results in the context of quantum networks.
C Gopaul and R Andrews 2007 New J. Phys. 9 94
We analyse the effect of atmospheric Kolmogorov turbulence on entangled orbital angular momentum states generated by parametric down-conversion. We calculate joint and signal photon detection probabilities and obtain numerically their dependence on the mode-width-to-Fried-parameter ratio. We demonstrate that entangled photons are less robust to the effects of Kolmogorov turbulence compared to single photons. In contrast, signal photons are more robust than single photons in the lowest-order mode. We also obtain numerically a scaling relation between the value of the mode-width-to-Fried-parameter ratio for which the joint detection probability is a maximum and the momentum mismatch between signal and idler photons after propagation through the medium.
Shinsei Ryu et al 2010 New J. Phys. 12 065010
It has recently been shown that in every spatial dimension there exist precisely five distinct classes of topological insulators or superconductors. Within a given class, the different topological sectors can be distinguished, depending on the case, by a or a topological invariant. This is an exhaustive classification. Here we construct representatives of topological insulators and superconductors for all five classes and in arbitrary spatial dimension d, in terms of Dirac Hamiltonians. Using these representatives we demonstrate how topological insulators (superconductors) in different dimensions and different classes can be related via 'dimensional reduction' by compactifying one or more spatial dimensions (in 'Kaluza–Klein'-like fashion). For -topological insulators (superconductors) this proceeds by descending by one dimension at a time into a different class. The -topological insulators (superconductors), on the other hand, are shown to be lower-dimensional descendants of parent -topological insulators in the same class, from which they inherit their topological properties. The eightfold periodicity in dimension d that exists for topological insulators (superconductors) with Hamiltonians satisfying at least one reality condition (arising from time-reversal or charge-conjugation/particle–hole symmetries) is a reflection of the eightfold periodicity of the spinor representations of the orthogonal groups SO(N) (a form of Bott periodicity). Furthermore, we derive for general spatial dimensions a relation between the topological invariant that characterizes topological insulators and superconductors with chiral symmetry (i.e., the winding number) and the Chern–Simons invariant. For lower-dimensional cases, this formula relates the winding number to the electric polarization (d=1 spatial dimensions) or to the magnetoelectric polarizability (d=3 spatial dimensions). Finally, we also discuss topological field theories describing the spacetime theory of linear responses in topological insulators (superconductors) and study how the presence of inversion symmetry modifies the classification of topological insulators (superconductors).
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S Santonocito et al 2024 New J. Phys. 26 053036
This work reports on defect engineering related to optical centers in diamond by ion implantation. In particular, we demonstrate that thermal diffusion of vacancies to a few micrometers in depth can be effectively suppressed provided these are electrically charged and located within the depletion region of an abrupt -n junction. The observed effect is complementary to the observations in the previous study (Favaro et al 2017 Nat. Commun.8 15409) showing that charging of implantation-induced vacancies at such junction structures in diamond inhibits the formation of vacancy complexes in proximity to the targeted optical centers. In the present work we first generate vacancies near the surface of a low nitrogen doped CVD diamond substrate by He and C ion implantation before these are diffused by annealing at into the bulk. In the next step the depth distribution of NV centers generated by trapping of these vacancies is analyzed on a micron scale. For precise tuning of the implantation conditions we derived data on the boron and nitrogen doping by step etching of planar resistors and -n- diode structures combined with electrical characterization and modeling. In the next step, tin-vacancy (SnV) centers were produced by 40 keV Sn implantation across the same junction structures at optimized conditions. In this way we observe an enhancement of the SnV yield and noticeable suppression of NV centers by diffusion and trapping of vacancies along the tracks of tin ions. Such 'subsidiary' NVs could significantly affect the emission of SnV and potentially other centers in the same spectral range.
Muhammad Idrees and Hui-Jun Li 2024 New J. Phys. 26 053035
We present a novel methodology for enhancing superluminal surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagations within a hybrid nanostructure configuration consisting of gold (Au) metal and chiral quantum dots (CQDs) medium. The arrangement of CQDs and metal hybrid nanostructures enables the production of SPPs when exposed to incident light. The resonances of SPPs within a hybrid nanostructure are determined through analytical calculations using Maxwell's equations under specified boundary conditions, while the dynamics of the CQDs system are calculated using the density matrix approach. It is demonstrated that the propagation of SPPs is significantly influenced by both right-circularly polarized (RCP) and left-circularly polarized (LCP) SPPs. Additionally, we investigate the enhancement of superluminal SPPs propagation by varying the electron tunneling strength and the intensity of the control field within the hybrid system. The characteristics of RCP and LCP SPPs have been investigated, indicating a large negative group index and advancement in time. The observation of a large negative group index and advancement in time provides strong evidence for enhanced superluminal SPPs propagation within the proposed hybrid nanostructure. The results have potential applications in the fields of optical information processing, temporal cloaking, quantum communication, and the advancement of computer chip speed.
Jiahao Li et al 2024 New J. Phys. 26 053034
High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) is a topic of growing interest in the quantum communication community, not only for its inherent properties but also for its possible applications. As the typical freedom in HD-QKD, orbital angular momentum (OAM) has made significant advancements in experiments recently. However, in the airborne scenario, different states suffer different amounts of misalignment and turbulence. A complete theoretical analysis model for the transmission characteristics of OAM in atmospheric channels is lacking. In this paper, we systematically analyze the extent to which degeneration including channel power loss and mode crosstalk are influenced by misalignment and turbulence effects. Furthermore, the performance of OAM-encoded HD-QKD system in different dimensions is evaluated while incorporating finite-key effects. We demonstrate that the performance of OAM-encoded HD-QKD will be better at short range, which provide a reference to implement QKD based on task requirements. Since OAM is desired to increase the capacity of QKD system and experiments have already been carried out, our work can not only bridge the gap between theory and practice, but also optimize experimental parameters and improve system performance.
Aowei Yang et al 2024 New J. Phys. 26 053037
We study the stability and characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) quasi-isotropic quantum droplets (QDs) of fundamental and vortex types, formed by binary Bose–Einstein condensate with magnetic quadrupole–quadrupole interactions (MQQIs). The magnetic quadrupoles are built as pairs of dipoles and antidipoles polarized along the x-axis. The MQQIs are induced by applying an external magnetic field that varies along the x-axis. The system is modeled by the Gross–Pitaevskii equations including the MQQIs and Lee-Huang-Yang correction to the mean-field approximation. Stable 2D fundamental QDs and quasi-isotropic vortex QDs with topological charges are produced by means of the imaginary-time-integration method for configurations with the quadrupoles polarized parallel to the system's two-dimensional plane. Effects of the norm and MQQI strength on the QDs are studied in detail. Some results, including an accurate prediction of the effective area, chemical potential, and peak density of QDs, are obtained in an analytical form by means of the Thomas-Fermi approximation. Collisions between moving QDs are studied by means of systematic simulations.
Indu Krishna K N and Dibakar Roy Chowdhury 2024 New J. Phys. 26 053033
Non-Hermitian quantum systems along with engineered metasurfaces enable a versatile podium for sensor designs from industrial to medical sectors. The singularity points known as exceptional points (EPs) can be realized in such non-Hermitian systems. EP demonstrates a square root topology on minute perturbations, hence promising to be a potential candidate to sense external parameters, such as temperature, thermal fluctuations, refractive index, and biomolecules. Hence, in this work, through numerical and analytical investigations, we explore the sensing capabilities in the vicinity of EP utilizing suitably designed terahertz metasurfaces. Here, we propose a non-Hermitian metasystem comprising two orthogonally twisted square split ring resonators coupled by near-field Electromagnetic interactions that can exhibit dark-bright modes. In such a system, the presence of an active (photo-doped) material in the split gap of one of the resonators opens up an effective avenue to introduce controllable asymmetric losses, ultimately leading to the emergence of EPs in the polarization space. Hence, thin film sensing at the proximity of the emerged EP is investigated for different refractive indices by coating with an overlayer atop the metasurface. In such a configuration, the sensitivities of the eigenstates are calculated in terms of the refractive index unit, which turns out to be −0.044 THz RIU−1 and −0.063 THz RIU−1 when the system is perturbed near EP. Our proposed metasurface-inspired EP-based sensing strategy can open up novel ways to sense the refractive index of unknown materials besides other physical parameters.
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Xuan Zuo et al 2024 New J. Phys. 26 031201
Hybrid quantum systems based on magnons in magnetic materials have made significant progress in the past decade. They are built based on the couplings of magnons with microwave photons, optical photons, vibration phonons, and superconducting qubits. In particular, the interactions among magnons, microwave cavity photons, and vibration phonons form the system of cavity magnomechanics (CMM), which lies in the interdisciplinary field of cavity QED, magnonics, quantum optics, and quantum information. Here, we review the experimental and theoretical progress of this emerging field. We first introduce the underlying theories of the magnomechanical coupling, and then some representative classical phenomena that have been experimentally observed, including magnomechanically induced transparency, magnomechanical dynamical backaction, magnon-phonon cross-Kerr nonlinearity, etc. We also discuss a number of theoretical proposals, which show the potential of the CMM system for preparing different kinds of quantum states of magnons, phonons, and photons, and hybrid systems combining magnomechanics and optomechanics and relevant quantum protocols based on them. Finally, we summarize this review and provide an outlook for the future research directions in this field.
J Lambert and E S Sørensen 2023 New J. Phys. 25 081201
Recently, there has been considerable interest in the application of information geometry to quantum many body physics. This interest has been driven by three separate lines of research, which can all be understood as different facets of quantum information geometry. First, the study of topological phases of matter characterized by Chern number is rooted in the symplectic structure of the quantum state space, known in the physics literature as Berry curvature. Second, in the study of quantum phase transitions, the fidelity susceptibility has gained prominence as a universal probe of quantum criticality, even for systems that lack an obviously discernible order parameter. Finally, the study of quantum Fisher information in many body systems has seen a surge of interest due to its role as a witness of genuine multipartite entanglement and owing to its utility as a quantifier of quantum resources, in particular those useful in quantum sensing. Rather than a thorough review, our aim is to connect key results within a common conceptual framework that may serve as an introductory guide to the extensive breadth of applications, and deep mathematical roots, of quantum information geometry, with an intended audience of researchers in quantum many body and condensed matter physics.
Quentin Glorieux et al 2023 New J. Phys. 25 051201
Nonlinear optics has been a very dynamic field of research with spectacular phenomena discovered mainly after the invention of lasers. The combination of high intensity fields with resonant systems has further enhanced the nonlinearity with specific additional effects related to the resonances. In this paper we review a limited range of these effects which has been studied in the past decades using close-to-room-temperature atomic vapors as the nonlinear resonant medium. In particular we describe four-wave mixing and generation of nonclassical light in atomic vapors. One-and two-mode squeezing as well as photon correlations are discussed. Furthermore, we present some applications for optical and quantum memories based on hot atomic vapors. Finally, we present results on the recently developed field of quantum fluids of light using hot atomic vapors.
F Luoni et al 2021 New J. Phys. 23 101201
Realistic nuclear reaction cross-section models are an essential ingredient of reliable heavy-ion transport codes. Such codes are used for risk evaluation of manned space exploration missions as well as for ion-beam therapy dose calculations and treatment planning. Therefore, in this study, a collection of total nuclear reaction cross-section data has been generated within a GSI-ESA-NASA collaboration. The database includes the experimentally measured total nucleus–nucleus reaction cross-sections. The Tripathi, Kox, Shen, Kox–Shen, and Hybrid-Kurotama models are systematically compared with the collected data. Details about the implementation of the models are given. Literature gaps are pointed out and considerations are made about which models fit best the existing data for the most relevant systems to radiation protection in space and heavy-ion therapy.
S Al Kharusi et al 2021 New J. Phys. 23 031201
The next core-collapse supernova in the Milky Way or its satellites will represent a once-in-a-generation opportunity to obtain detailed information about the explosion of a star and provide significant scientific insight for a variety of fields because of the extreme conditions found within. Supernovae in our galaxy are not only rare on a human timescale but also happen at unscheduled times, so it is crucial to be ready and use all available instruments to capture all possible information from the event. The first indication of a potential stellar explosion will be the arrival of a bright burst of neutrinos. Its observation by multiple detectors worldwide can provide an early warning for the subsequent electromagnetic fireworks, as well as signal to other detectors with significant backgrounds so they can store their recent data. The supernova early warning system (SNEWS) has been operating as a simple coincidence between neutrino experiments in automated mode since 2005. In the current era of multi-messenger astronomy there are new opportunities for SNEWS to optimize sensitivity to science from the next galactic supernova beyond the simple early alert. This document is the product of a workshop in June 2019 towards design of SNEWS 2.0, an upgraded SNEWS with enhanced capabilities exploiting the unique advantages of prompt neutrino detection to maximize the science gained from such a valuable event.
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Di Terlizzi et al
We derive, in more general conditions, a recently introduced variance sum rule (VSR) [I. Di Terlizzi et al., 2024 Science 383, 971] involving variances of displacement and force impulse for overdamped Langevin systems in a nonequilibrium steady state (NESS). This formula allows visualising the effect of nonequilibrium as a deviation of the sum of variances from normal diffusion 2Dt, with D the diffusion constant and t the time. From the VSR, we also derive formulas for the entropy production rate σ that, differently from previous results, involve second-order time derivatives of position correlation functions. This novel feature gives a criterion for discriminating strong nonequilibrium regimes without measuring forces. We then apply and discuss our results to three analytically solved models: a stochastic switching trap, a Brownian vortex, and a Brownian gyrator. Finally, we compare the advantages and limitations of known and novel formulas for σ in an overdamped NESS.
Woźny et al
The optical reflectivity of n-type Pb0.865Sn0.135Se and Pb0.75Sn0.25Se solid solutions was measured in the THz spectral region energetically corresponding to optical phonon excitations and in the temperature range from 40 K to 280 K. The first solid solution exhibits an open energy gap with trivial band ordering at all temperatures, while for the second one the transition from trivial insulator to topological crystal insulator phase is expected. The analysis of Pb0.75Sn0.25Se data performed within the dynamic dielectric function formalism revealed an anomaly of resonance-like character in the temperature dependence of LO phonon frequency. The formula for LO phonon energy renormalization reproduced observed anomaly for energy gap equal to zero, the phase transition occurred at T0 = (172 ± 2) K. This effect was absent for Pb0.865Sn0.135Se. Present results show that reflectivity measurements in the THz range in the vicinity of LO phonon frequency can be valuable experimental method for precise determining of band inversion temperature in narrow-gap topological materials.
Sikorski et al
In this article we investigate novel signatures of radiation reaction via the angular deflection of an electron beam colliding at 90 degrees with an intense laser pulse. Due to the radiation reaction effect, the electrons can be deflected towards the beam axis for plane wave backgrounds, which is not possible in the absence of radiation reaction effects. The magnitude and size of the deflection angle can be controlled by tailoring the laser pulse shapes. The effect is first derived analytically using the Landau-Lifshitz equation, which allows to determine the important scaling behavior with laser intensity and particle energy. We then move on to full scale 3D Monte Carlo simulations to verify the effect is observable with present day laser technology. We investigate the opportunities for an indirect observation of laser depletion in such side scattering scenarios.
Yi et al
Topological elastic waves provide novel and robust ways for manipulating mechanical energy transfer and information transmission, with potential applications in vibration control, analog computation, and more. Recently discovered higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) with multidimensional and hierarchical edge states can further expand the capabilities of topological elastic waves. However, the effects of nonlinearity on elastic HOTIs remain elusive. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear elastic higher-order topological Kagome lattice. After briefly reviewing its linear properties, we explore the effects of nonlinearity on the higher-order band topology and topological states. To do this, we have developed a method to calculate approximate nonlinear modes in order to identify the bulk polarization and probe the higher-order topological phase in the nonlinear lattice. We find that nonlinearity induces unusual delocalization of topological corner states, band crossing, and higher-order topological phase transition. The delocalization reveals that intracell hardening nonlinearity leads to direct delocalization of topological corner states while intracell softening nonlinearity first enhances and then reduces localization. The nonlinear higher-order topological phase is amplitude dependent, and we demonstrate a transition from a trivial to a non-trivial phase, enabling amplitude induced topological corner and edge states. Additionally, this phase transition corresponds to the closing and reopening of the bandgap, accompanied by an unusual band crossing. By examining the band topology before and after the band crossing, we find that the bulk polarization becomes quantized with respect to amplitude and can predict higher-order topological phases in nonlinear lattices. The obtained results are expected to be beneficial for the development of tunable and robust elastic wave devices.
Wang et al
The standard Kuramoto model has been instrumental in explaining synchronization and desynchronization, two emergent phenomena often observed in biological, neuronal, and physical systems. While the Kuramoto model has turned out effective with one-dimensional oscillators, real-world systems often involve high-dimensional interacting units, such as biological swarms, necessitating a model of multidimensional oscillators. However, existing high-dimensional generalizations of the Kuramoto model commonly rely on a scalar-valued coupling strength, which limits their ability to capture the full complexity of high-dimensional interactions. This work introduces a matrix, A, to couple the interconnected components of the oscillators in a d-dimensional space, leading to a matrix-coupled multidimensional Kuramoto model that approximates a prototypical swarm dynamics by its first-order harmonics. Moreover, the matrix A introduces an inter-dimensional higher-order interaction that partly accounts for the emergence of 2^{d} system modes in a d-dimensional population, where each dimension can either be synchronized or desynchronized, represented by a set of almost binary order parameters. The binary system modes capture characteristic swarm behaviors such as fish milling or polarized schooling. Additionally, our findings provides a theoretical analogy to cerebral activity, where the resting state and the activated state coexist unihemispherically. It also suggests a new possibility for information storage in oscillatory neural networks.