object(Publication)#1044 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(23) { ["id"]=> int(7184) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2024-04-10 13:14:05" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(8958) ["sectionId"]=> int(31) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["submissionId"]=> int(7060) ["status"]=> int(1) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3908) "Bacsó, R. (2016). Virtuális valuta mint a modern kori pénzpiaci szabályozás kihívása [Virtual Currency as a Challenge of the Modern Financial Market Regulation]. Polgári Szemle, 12(1–3), 244–251. Online: https://shorturl.at/nuCF3 Cifrino, C. (2014). Virtual Property, Virtual Rights: Why Contract Law, Not Property Law, Must be the Governing Paradigm in the Law of Virtual Worlds. Boston College Law Review, 55(1), 235–264. Online: https://shorturl.at/amqY1 De Filippi, P. & Wright, A. (2019). Blockchain and the Law. The Rule of Code. Harvard University Press. European Central Bank (2015). Virtual Currency Schemes – A Further Analysis. Online: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemesen.pdf Frye, B. L. (April 19, 2021). NFTs & the Death of Art. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3829399 Garbers-von Boehm, K., Haag, H. & Gruber, K. (2022). Intellectual Property Rights and Distributed Ledger Technology with a focus on art NFTs and tokenized physical artwork. Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Online: https://shorturl.at/hjySU Juhász, Á. (2021). Intelligent Contracts – A New Generation of Contractual Agreements? European Integration Studies, 16(1), 41–53. Online: https://ojs.uni-miskolc.hu/index.php/eis/article/view/963 Juhász, Á. (2023). Hagyományos magánjogi megoldások – 21. századi kihívások [Conventional Private Law Solutions – 21st Century Challenges]. In Karlovitz, János Tibor (Ed.), What Will Our Future Be Like? (pp. 222–234). Sozial und Wirtschafts Forschungsgruppe. Kőhidi, Á. (2022). A virtuális valóság pszeudoreáliáinak polgári jogi vizsgálata [Civil Law Analysis of Virtual Reality Pseudorealia]. In Medias Res, 11(2), 55–66. Online: https://inmediasresfolyoirat.hu/imr/article/view/251 Kulakova, O. S. (2022). Digital Art in the Light of NFT: Market Role and Legal Uncertainty. Digital Law Review, 3(2), 36–50. Online: https://doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2022-3-2-36-50 Radin, J. M. (1982). Property and Personhood. Stanford Law Review, 34(5), 957–1015. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/1228541 Rohr, J. & Wright, A. (2019). Blockchain-Based Token Sales, Initial Coin Offerings, and the Democratization of Public Capital Market. Hastings Law Journal, 70(2), 463–524. Online: https://shorturl.at/bcv12 Szilágyi, F. (2022a). Kié a digitális adat? Az allokatív adatjog létjogosultsága a magánjogi (dologi jogi) megközelítés margóján. I. rész [Who Owns the Digital Data? The Justification of Allocative Data Law in the Context of the Private Law (in Rem) Approach. Part I]. Polgári Jog, 7(9–10). Online: https://doi.org/10.55413/193.A2200501.POJ Szilágyi, F. (2022b). Kié a digitális adat? Az allokatív adatjog létjogosultsága a magánjogi (dologi jogi) megközelítés margóján. II. rész [Who Owns the Digital Data? The Justification of Allocative Data Law in the Context of the Private Law (in Rem) Approach. Part II]. Polgári Jog, 7(11–12). Online: https://doi.org/10.55413/193.A2200602.POJ Sztermen, O. L. (2022). A digitális műalkotások megjelenési kérdései I. terminológiai problémák [Appearance and Legal Terminology of Digital Artworks: Part One: Thoughts on Terminology]. Miskolci Jogtudó, 6(3), 70–83. Online: https://shorturl.at/beoyP Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W. T & Papadopoulos, T. (2016). Big Data Analytics in Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Certain Investigations for Research and Applications. International Journal of Production Economics, 176(June), 98–110. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.03.014 Woebbeking, M. K. (2019). The Impact of Smart Contracts on Traditional Concepts of Contracts Law. JIPITEC – Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law, 10(1), 106–113. Online: https://shorturl.at/btGJM" ["issueId"]=> int(576) ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7060" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1215) "

By writing this paper, the authors intended to answer questions raised by the transfer of digital artworks in the online space. At the beginning of the study, the basic expressions, including NFT digital artwork, will be explained. Then, it will be examined how these new forms of artwork can be treated by civil law. Although NFTs change hands daily, their legal nature, i.e. if they shall be deemed as things in the civil law sense, is unclear. If NFTs are treated as things, they can be a subject of ownership, and the provisions on the transfer of ownership rights shall be applied, which raises several further questions. According to another approach, NFTs embody the right to dispose, while there are other opinions as to which NFTs, following the model of bank account money, shall be deemed as claims facilitating the application of the provisions of the law of obligations. After reviewing the different approaches to the legal nature of NFTs, features of online auctions of NFT artworks will be introduced. Then, it will be examined if the platforms enabling online auctions fall under the scope of the recently adopted Digital Market Act and if so, which rules of the Act are applicable for them.

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Associate Professor, Department of Civil Law, Faculty of Law, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary

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PhD Student, Ferenc Deák Doctoral School of Law, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary

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There is a tension between state oversight and state intrusion into our personal lives. The analytical powers of artificial intelligence/machine learning and the pervasive data collection of the Internet of Things, the Smart City and all those personal devices we use together permit revelations as to our lives as never seen before. We must consider the impact of this on the relations between citizen and government in this new, ubiquitous world of government cybersurveillance and revelation.

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Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Justice and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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The Influence of Openness of Public Organizations and Social Media Use on E-Participation: The Mediating Effect of Trust in E-Government. International Review of Public Administration, 27(4), 281–296. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2022.2136054 Abdulkareem, A. K. & Ishola, A. A. (2016). E-government in Nigeria: Progress and Prospects. Ilorin Journal of Administration and Development, 2(1), 59–67. Abdulkareem, A. K., Ishola, A. A. & Abdulkareem, Z. J. (2021). E-Government and Bureaucratic Corruption in Nigeria: Successes and Challenges. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan, 12(1), 1–20. Online: https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.121125 Abdulkareem, A. K. & Ramli, R. M. (2021). Does Digital Literacy Predict E-Government Performance an Extension of Delone and Mclean Information System Success Model. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 17(4), 466–493. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2021.118103 Alexopoulos, C., Charalabidis, Y., Androutsopoulou, A., Loutsaris, M. A. & Lachana, Z. (2019, January 8–11). Benefits and Obstacles of Blockchain Applications in e-Government. Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-52), Wailea, Hawaii, US. Androutsopoulou, A., Karacapilidis, N., Loukis, E. & Charalabidis, Y. (2019). Transforming the Communication between Citizens and Government through AI-Guided Chatbots. Government Information Quarterly, 36(2), 358–367. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.10.001 Androutsopoulou, A. S., Karacapilidis, N. I., Loukis, E. & Charalabidis, Y. K. (2021). Combining Technocrats’ Expertise with Public Opinion through an Innovative E-Participation Platform. LEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 9(1), 174–187. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2018.2824022 Balaji, M. & Yuvaraj, N. (2019). Intelligent Chatbot Model to Enhance the Emotion Detection in Social Media Using Bi-Directional Recurrent Neural Network. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1362. 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I., Ali, M. & Alexopoulos, C. (2023). ChatGPT Application vis-a-vis Open Government Data (OGD): Capabilities, Public Values, Issues and a Research Agenda. In I. Lindgren et al. (Eds.), Electronic Government (pp. 95–110). Springer, Cham. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41138-0_7 Mahapatra, R., Sharma, N., Trivedi, A. & Aman, C. (2012). Adding Interactive Interface to E-Government Systems Using AIML Based Chatterbots. 2012 CSI Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering (CONSEG). Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/CONSEG.2012.6349510 National eGovernment Strategies (2019). National eGovernment Strategies. Online: https://shorturl.at/uxAMS Ojeda, C. (2021). The Political Responses of Virtual Assistants. Social Science Computer Review, 39(5), 884–902. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319886844 Omotoso, F. (2014). Public-service Ethics and Accountability for Effective Service Delivery in Nigeria. Africa Today, 60(3), 119–139. 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Prospects, Drivers of and Barriers to Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Project Management. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 13(5), 629–645. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-12-2022-0195 Smith, S. & Jamieson, R. (2006). Determining Key Factors in E-Government Information System Security. Information Systems Management, 23(2), 23–32. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/1078.10580530/45925.23.2.20060301/92671.4 Strauss, S. (2023). Some Emerging Hypotheses about Using Generative AI in Public Sector Operations. Online: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4544943 Symeonidis, S., Samaras, S., Stentoumis, C., Plaum, A., Pacelli, M., Grivolla, J., Shekhawat, Y., Ferri, M., Diplaris, S. & Vrochidis, S. (2023). An Extended Reality System for Situation Awareness in Flood Management and Media Production Planning. Electronics, 12(12). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122569 Tisland, I., Sodefjed, M. L., Vassilakopoulou, P. & Pappas, I. O. (2022). The Role of Quality, Trust, and Empowerment in Explaining Satisfaction and Use of Chatbots in E-Government. In S. Papagiannidis, E. Alamanos, S. Gupta, Y. K. Dwivedi, M. Mäntymäki & I. O. Pappas (Eds.), The Role of Digital Technologies in Shaping the Post-Pandemic World (pp. 279–291). Springer. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15342-6_22 Ukiwo, U. (2006). Creation of Local Government Areas and Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria. The Case of Warri, Delta State. Unpublished manuscript. Valle-Cruz, D. & García-Contreras, R. (2023). Towards AI-driven Transformation and Smart Data Management: Emerging Technological Change in the Public Sector Value Chain. Public Policy and Administration. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/09520767231188401 Vrabie, C. (2023). E-Government 3.0: An AI Model to Use for Enhanced Local Democracies. Sustainability, 15(12). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129572 Wirtz, B. W., Langer, P. F. & Fenner, C. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector – A Research Agenda. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(13), 1103–1128. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1947319 Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C. & Kehl, I. (2022). Governance of Artificial Intelligence: A Risk and Guideline-based Integrative Framework. Government Information Quarterly, 39(4). Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101685 Yang, L. & Wang, J. (2023). Factors Influencing Initial Public Acceptance of Integrating the ChatGPT-Type Model with Government Services. Kybernetes. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/K-06-2023-1011 Yusuf, Y. A., Yusoff, K. Z. H. & Zengeni, K. T. (2018). The Implications of the Legislative Corrupt Practices on the Democratic Consolidation in the Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. Journal of Techno Social, 10(1), 15–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.30880/jts.2018.10.01.002" ["issueId"]=> int(576) ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7068" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1410) "

This paper examines the potential for using generative artificial intelligence (AI) to boost civic participation in Nigeria’s developing e-government ecosystem. Emerging generative technologies like ChatGPT demonstrate intriguing capabilities to make governance more interactive and engaging through conversational interfaces. Thoughtfully implemented AI tools could increase access and understanding of e-government, particularly for underserved groups. However, risks around bias, privacy, security and capability limitations pose challenges for public sector applications. Additionally, Nigeria’s substantial digital divides and defective trust in government institutions hamper e-government participation currently. This paper analyses opportunities and limitations for applying generative AI to advance civic engagement given Nigeria’s unique socio-cultural context. Findings suggest that while AI holds promise, targeted strategies focused on inclusion, accessibility, education and institutional legitimacy building are critical to realise benefits. Cautious optimism, human-centric design and responsible governance frameworks are needed to employ generative systems successfully. If challenges are addressed, AI could open innovative possibilities for energising civic participation. But further research and controlled pilot applications are required to determine optimal implementation.

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Lecturer at the Department of Public Administration, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria

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The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle over Ratification. Part One: September 1787 – February 1788. Library of America. Baker, P. (2014, January 15). Obama’s Path from Critic to Overseer of Spying. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/dfgMP Beeman, R. (Ed.) (2012). The Federalist Papers. Penguin Books. Berman, E. (2018). Digital Searches, the Fourth Amendment, and the Magistrates’ Revolt. Emory Law Journal, 68(1), 49–94. Online: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol68/iss1/2 Calmes, J. & Wingfield, N. (2013, December 17). Tech Leaders and Obama Find Shared Problem: Fading Public Trust. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/mtJL8 Carlson, J. D., Goodale, G. M., Quinlan, G. C., Suarez, S. L., Meyer, J. M., McHugh, R., Petty, K. A. & Weinstein, B. H. (2016). National Security Law. The Year in Review. An Annual Publication of the ABA/Section of International Law, 51, 497–513. 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Online: https://shorturl.at/aDFJL Guariglia, M. & Mackey, A. (2022, August 22). Victory: Government Finally Releases Secretive Court Rulings Sought by EFF. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Online: https://shorturl.at/mIOR8 Hasan, M. (2015, November 30). Why I Miss George W. Bush. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/glpT0 Ketcham, R. (Ed.) (1986). The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates. New American Library. Konig, D. (2008). Thomas Jefferson’s Armed Citizenry and the Republican Militia. Albany Government Law Review, 1, 250–291. Maass, P. (2013, August 13). How Laura Poitras Helped Snowden Spill His Secrets. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/aoxQ2 Mazzetti, M. & Schmidt, M. S. (2013, June 9). Ex-Worker at C.I.A. Says He Leaked Data on Surveillance. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/qwC28 Mendoza, M. (2013, November 21). Reagan Order Led to NSA’s Broader Spying. The Ithaca Journal. Montesquieu, Baron de, C. (2011). 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Documents Detail Restrictions on N.S.A. Surveillance. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/yPZ23 Shane, S. (2013b, November 2). No Morsel Too Minuscule for All-Consuming N.S.A. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/jmyB1 Shane, S. & Sanger, D. E. (2013, June 30). Job Title Key to Inner Access Held by Leaker. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/cdk08 Shear, M. D. (2015, June 4). Limits Reshape Terror Laws, and Obama’s Legacy: News Analysis. International New York Times. Shoenberger, A. E. (2010). Connecticut Yankee in Europe’s Court: An Alternative Vision of Constitutional Defamation Law to New York Times v. Sullivan? Quinnipiac University Law Review, 28, 431–489. Online: https://shorturl.at/ejkqQ Smale, A. (2013, October 23). Anger Growing among Allies on U.S. Spying. The New York Times. Online: https://shorturl.at/AG249 Stanglin, D. (2013, July 31). Report: Snowden Says NSA Can Tap E-Mail, Facebook Chats. USA Today. 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Free Speech, Advancing Technology, and the Implications for Democracy. (2nd edition) Carolina Academic Press. Weaver, R. L., Burkoff, J. M., Hancock, C. & Friedland, S. I. (2021). Principles of Criminal Procedure. (7th edition) West Academic. " ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2024) ["issueId"]=> int(576) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(43) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.53116/pgaflr.7116" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(780) "

This article provides an update en events since Edward Snowden, an employee of a National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, stole and released thousands of classified documents in 2013, revealing that the U.S. government was engaged in a massive secret cybersurveilance operation that was amassing information about people all over the world, including U.S. citizens. In the U.S., Snowden’s revelations sparked a spirited debate regarding privacy rights, and in particular whether the U.S. cybersurveillance operation was appropriate in a democratic system. This article describes the scope of the cybersuveillance program, and examines how the courts and Congress responded to the Snowden revelations, and (in particular) how U.S. society evolved in the following years.

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Professor of Law & Distinguished University Scholar, University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law

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On 22 February 2024, the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities published a critical opinion on Latvia within the framework of the fourth monitoring cycle. This text is centred on government comments as an important element of the standardised FCNM monitoring mechanisms provided by the Latvian Government during the four monitoring circles. This study identifies and assesses the key arguments and techniques employed by Latvia in this sectoral dialogue framework. It shows that the Latvian authorities view diversity as a threat to social cohesion, and their endeavours, inter alia, in the minority education domain, combine references to Latvia’s traumatic historical experience, constitutional identity, and the margin of state discretion that camouflage the absence of political will to advance minority rights. Among other negative factors, this signals a dangerous path that could likely be followed by other states that are parties to this Convention.

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The author dedicates this article to the memory of Aleksandr Kuzmin aka Aleksandrs Kuzmins (1984–2021), lawyer, politician and minority rights activist from Latvia.

" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(13) "Kascian Kiryl" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(128) "Latvia’s Ambiguous Attitude towards the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities: Is Diversity a Threat?" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#1088 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(9272) ["email"]=> string(23) "kiryl.kascian@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(7410) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["userGroupId"]=> int(286) ["country"]=> string(2) "CZ" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-5895" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(64) "International Centre for Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity Studies" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(109) "

Board Member, International Centre for Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity Studies, Prague, Czech Republic

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